谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”. 谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。
谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词＋主要动词）构成，依据其在句中繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。不论何种时态，语态，语气，凡由一个动词（或动词词组）构成的谓语都是简单谓语。
谓语动词一般由动词的各种时态来体现。例如：
I （like） walking.我喜欢走路。(一般现在时主动语态)
I (made) your birthday cake last night..昨晚我做好了你的生日蛋糕。 (一般过去时主动语态)
It is used by travellers and business （people all over the world）.全世界旅行者和商人都使用它 (一般现在时被动语态)
表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于系动词（be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词）之后。句子的表语是由一个句子充当的,那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句
一. 名词作表语
Africa is a big continent. （continent. 是句中的表语、）
非洲是个大洲。
二. 代词作表语
Who's your best friend?
你最好的朋友是谁？
三. 形容词作表语
I feel much better today.
我今天感觉好多了。
四. 数词作表语
She was the first to learn about it.
她是第一个知道的人。
五. 不定式或ing形式作表语
Her job is selling computers.
她的工作是销售电脑。
Our next step was to get raw materials ready.
我们下一步是把原料准备好。
六. 介词短语作表语
The patient is out of danger.
病人脱险了。
I don’t feel at ease.
我感到不自在。
七. 副词作表语
The sun is up.
太阳升起来了。
I must be off now.
现在我得走了。
八. 从句作表语
This is what he said.
这就是他所说的话。
九、不定式作表语
作表语的不定式短语通常是说明主语的内容，这时主语通常是如下名词：
hope, idea, job, plan, wish, aim, purpose, thing, business
定语是用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示
形容词作定语：
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）/小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。
There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。
数词作定语相当于形容词：Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生
代词或名词所有格作定语：
His boy needs Tom's pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。
His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。
There are two boys of Tom's there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
介词短语作定语：
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom./穿蓝色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。
名词作定语：
The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语：
The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。
不定式作定语：
The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。
There is nothing to do today./今天没有事要做。
分词（短语）作定语：
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。
There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩
定语前置
在英语里,一般定语前置时的次序为:限定词，形容词、分词、动名词和名词性定语。但当几个形容词同时出现在名词短语之前,我们要注意其次序。其形容词遵循的词序为：限观形龄色国材，指：限定词（一般指数量）；外观（美丽等）；形状（大小，高矮，肥瘦）；年龄；颜色；国籍；材料；用途。如：
1限定词 2 外观 3形状 4年龄 5颜色 6国籍 7材料 8用途
A famous American university.
An interesting little red French oil painting.
A new plastic bucket.
A purple velvet curtains
An elegant German clock
另外,有些形容词也有特殊的次序:
(1) 描述身体特征的形容词先于表示情感和性格特征的形容词
例如:a small lovely girl , a long patient queue , a pale anxious patient ;
(2) 表示颜色的形容词放在表示情感和性格特征的形容词之后
例如:a kindly black teacher ,an inquisitive brown dog ;
(3) little ,old 和young 有时可以作为名词短语不可分割的一部分,所以可以直接放在名词之前,
例如:a lovely little girl
(4) 表示性格特征的形容词可以放在old young 之前,也可放在old young 之后,例如:
a young ambitious man (强调年龄) ,an ambitious young man(强调雄心勃勃) 。
当然,三个以上形容词连用作定语,就显得累赘,因此上面所说的情况一般较少出现.
2）定语后置
(1）短语作定语一般后置
It was a conference fruitful of results. 那是一个硕果累累的会议。
He gave me a basket full of eggs. 他给我一个装满鸡蛋的篮子。
English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. 英语是一门容易学但是难精通的语言。
The boys hardest to teach are all in his class.最难教的男生都在他的班里了。
（2）修饰some，any，no，every等词构成的不定代词的定语都后置
Let’s go somewhere quiet. 咱们去找个安静一点的地方吧。
There is nothing important in today's newspaper. 今天报纸上没有什么重要的东西。
Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么话要说吗?
（3）副词作定语
The people here are very friendly. 这里的人很友好。
They lived in the room above.他们住在楼上的房间。
（4）动词、名词转化而来的以-able,-ible 结尾的形容词作定语
He is a person dependable. 他是一个可以依靠的人
This is the only transportation means available. 这是唯一可行的交通工具。
（5）起强调用的单个分词
Everybody involved should stay here.
The college mentioned.
（6）特殊词
Could you tell me something imporpant.
3) 定语从句
英语里有大量的定语从句,而汉语里却没有定语从句的说法。英语中定语从句中甚至还可能包含定语从句,即多重定语从句。如： A healthy diet includes enough but not too many kinds of foods that provide the body with the nutrients that it needs to function properly. (健康的饮食包括的食物应该充足但又不过多。这些食物提供身体正常活动所必需的营养)
(1）英语的复合句中,分句以其主句为基干,通过连接手段,一层一层地展开,就好像一棵树的树干上长出大枝子,大枝子上再长出小枝子。汉语的分句则更多按照时间发生的顺序出现,依次展开。
如： “伟大领袖和导师毛主席领导中国共产党进行了艰苦卓绝的斗争,建立了新中国,人民得到了解放,科学得到了解放。”这句话,译成英语便成了With the founding of new China (which was) born of arduous struggles (which were) waged by the Chinese Communist Party (which was) under the leadership of our great leader and teacher Chairman Mao , our people , and science as well , won emancipation.（王良兰，2003）
(2）英语中的非限制性定语从句所表达的信息,在汉语里一般由另一个小句来表达。用非限制性定语从句时，前应加逗号，并且非限制性定语从句引导词只能用which，不能用that。
例如:She asked for his help which he gladly gave. 她要求他帮忙,他愉快地帮助了她。
再如: It was a century during which the country suffered continuously from wars.
一个世纪过去了,在这期间这个国家不断遭受战乱之苦。
英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语（adverbial)。
状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。
副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。
1.副词一般在句子中做状语．
He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好.
He is playing under the tree.中的under the tree是地点状语.
2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。
I come specially to see you.我专门来看你.
3.介词短语
Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.
The boy was praised for his bravery.
4.从句作状语
When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.
If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.
5.分词作状语
Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。
Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another
宾语是动作、行为的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。当然,也可以由一个句子来充当,称之为宾语从句,所以一个句子中不一定只有一个宾语.
英语的及物动词后必须有宾语。宾语一般放及物动词之后，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。
说明，除及物动词有宾语之外，英语介词后面也要有宾语。另外，某些形容词如worth,careful等后也可有宾语。
宾语有直接宾语和间接宾语之分。即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语，这两个宾语统称为"双宾语"。
My parents bought me a computer.我父母给我买了一台电脑。(me是间接宾语，computer是直接宾语)
补充现代汉语词典解释：
宾语是动词的一种连带成分，一般在动词后边，用来回答“谁？”或“什么？”例如“我找厂长”的“厂长”，“他开拖拉机”的“拖拉机”，“接受批评”的“批评”，“他说他不知道”的“他不知道”。有时候一个动词可以带两个宾语，如“教我们化学”的“我们”和“化学”。
非谓语动词主要包括不定式&动名词&分词（现在分词和过去分词），.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分
它有三种形式：不定式，分词（现在分词、过去分词），动名词
1．非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：
（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
（2）都可以被状语修饰：
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
（3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：
He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）
He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）
We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）
Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）
（4）都可以有逻辑主语
They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）
The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）
We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）
We being League member, the work was well done.
（现在分词的逻辑主语）
2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：
（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。
（4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数的限制。
(5)英语中不能单独做句子的谓语。
(一)动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征.
否定式：not + (to) do
（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.
例如：
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2．不定式的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。
（2）作表语：
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
（3）作宾语：
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
（4）作宾语补足语：
在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema．
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
（5）作定语：
动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：
①动宾关系：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②说明所修饰名词的内容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
He is the first to get here.
（6）作状语：
①表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right：To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表结果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示强调：
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因：
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度：
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
（7）作独立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
（二）动名词：
动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。
1．动名词的形式： Ving
否定式：not + 动名词
（1）一般式：
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
（2）被动式：
He came to the party without being invited．他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
（3）完成式：
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
（4）完成被动式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
（5）否定式：not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2．动名词的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
（2）作表语：
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
（3）作宾语：
They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…（from）,protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
（4）作定语：
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？
（5）作同位语：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．
他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
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