一、非谓语动词
1、概念：不能用作谓语部分的主要动词而是作其他成分的动词叫做非谓语动词，如：
* I want to have a cup of tea. ——want 是谓语动词，to see 是非谓语动词。
* He enjoys swimming. ——enjoys 是谓语动词，swimming 是非谓语动词。
* Surprised at seeing him there, he was very glad. ——was 是谓语动词，Surprised 和 seeing 都是非谓语动词。
2、种类及作用：非谓语动词有三类——
1） 不定式：具有名词性、形容词性和副词性
名词性：主要用作主语和宾语，如：
* It’s hard to believe you. 很难相信你的话。——to believe 是主语，it是形式主语
* I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。——to have 是 want 的宾语
形容词性：用作定语，如：
* There are still many things to do. 还有好多需要做的事情。——to do 修饰名词things
副词性：用作目的和结果状语，如：
* He came here to see one of his friends. 他来这里（为了）看一个朋友。——to see 是谓语动词 came的目的状语。
* He is qualified enough to do the job. 他有资格（以至于）做这件工作。——to do 是 is qualified 的结果状语
2）分词（现在分词和过去分词）：具有形容词性和副词性
形容词性：用作定语和表语
定语：
* The girl singing a song now is my sister. 正唱歌的那个女孩子是我的姐妹。——现在分词 singing 修饰名词 girl
* The man followed by a dog is a retired worker. 身后跟着一只狗的那个人是个退休工人——过去分词 followed 修饰名词 man
副词性：用作原因、时间、条件、方式和伴随状语
原因状语：Knowing that it was going to rain, he decided not to go out. 因为知道要下雨，他决定不外出。
时间状语：Looking out of the window, I saw groups of children passing by the house. 当重窗户望出去的时候，我看到成群的孩子从房子前走过。
条件状语：Given more time, I can do it better. 只要给更多的时间，我会做得更好。
方式状语：Laughing and talking, they went out to the field. 他们又说又笑地走到田里去。
伴随状语：He wrote to me saying that he was going abroad. 他写信给我，说是他要出国。
3）动名词：具有名词性，用作主语、宾语和表语
主语：Talking is easy. 光说是容易的。
宾语：He insisted on my going with him. 他坚持要我跟他一起去。
表语：His favourite interest is reading in spare time. 他的兴趣是在业余时间读书。
二、强调句：着重提出某个成分的句子叫做强调句
1、强调句的结构：it is + 被强调成分 + that/who …
2、被强调的是人的时候可以用 who，其他情况一律用 that
3、强调句主要用来强调主语、宾语或者状语
4、举例：假如原来的句子是 We held a meeting in the club yesterday.
* 强调主语 we：
——It was we that/who held a meeting in the club yesterday.
* 强调宾语 a meeting：
——It was a meeting that we held in the club yesterday.
* 强调地点状语 in the club：
——It was in the club that we held a meeting yesterday.
* 强调时间状语 yesterday：
——It was yesterday that we held a meeting in the club.
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