求高手翻译!!中文翻译英文

Question

1>文化会影响人们对外界事物的看法和认识，不同的国家存在不同的文化，因此在思维模式方面必然存在差异，这一点在东西文化之间表现得尤为明显。西方文化的思维模式注重逻辑和分析，而东方文化的思维模式则表现出直觉整体性，这一点也是中国传统文化思维的特征。由于这种传统文化的影响，中国人往往特别重视直觉，注重认识过程中的经验和感觉，在交往中也往往以这种经验和感觉去“以己度人”。与西方人的思维模式相比，中国人的这种思维模式具有明显的笼统性和模糊性，久而久之，会形成一种思维定势，可以解释为识别和简化对外界事物的分类感知过程。从本质上说，思维定势往往忽视个体事物的差别，夸大与另外某一社会群体相关的认知态度，常常带有感情色彩，并伴有固定的信条。在所有的定势中，有些定势是正确的，而有些则是错误的，会直接影响跨文化交际，造成交际失误。
2>行为规范的具体含义就是指被社会所共同接受的道德标准和行为准则，简单的说，就是告诉人们该做什么和不该做什么的一种规范。不同文化背景的人们在交际时，经常出现的一个现象就是套用自身所在社会的行为规范来判定对方行为的合理性，由于双方的行为规范存在差异，常常会产生误解、不快甚至更坏的结果。比如说中国人轻拍小孩子的头部表示一种友好，而在西方国家，这是一种极不尊重小孩子的做法，父母会对此非常愤怒。所以说在跨文化交际中是否能够正确地识别和运用行为规范是保证跨文化交际顺利进行的重要因素。要保障跨文化交际的顺利进行，就必须理解对方的行为规范，尤其是什么行为是被禁止的，最好的办法就是遵循入乡随俗的原则。
3>人们的交际能力是在社会化的过程中产生的，必然与价值观念联系在一起。每一种文化都有自己特有的价值体系，这套体系能够帮助人们区分美与丑、善良与邪恶，这就是人们的处世哲学、道德标准和行为规范。但是它不能脱离具体的文化而存在，每一种文化的判断标准是不同的，这种文化认为是好的，另一种文化可能认为不好，但是它们在自己的文化体系内都有其存在的合理性，绝不可以理解为一种价值标准先进，而另一种价值标准落后。以中西文化为例，在中国文化中，人们推崇谦虚知礼，追求随遇而安，不喜欢争强好胜，同时社会风气也往往封杀过于突出的个人，正所谓“行高于众，人必非之”。在中国文化中，集体取向占据主导地位，追求个人发展被视为是一种严重的个人主义，必然会受到谴责。而西方文化则非常崇尚个人主义，“随遇而安”被看作是缺乏进取精神的表现，是懒惰、无能的同义语，为社会和个人所不取。人本位的思想根植于他们心中，人们崇尚独立思考，独立判断，依靠自己的能力去实现个人利益，并且认为个人利益至高无上。
4>人们对遇到的现象、事物和行为的评价和解释是建立在本身文化的基础之上的，在跨文化交际中也同样如此，因此往往会造成交际的障碍，其根源就在于忽略了语用的迁移。文化不同语言的使用规则就会不同，一种文化的标准规范只能在自身中按其特定条件加以解释，而不能以此为规范来描述另一种文化，否则必然会导致跨文化交际的失败，其深层原因就在于人们缺乏对社会语言差异的敏感性，会无意识地进行语用迁移，而这种后果有时会很严重，甚至会招致巨大经济损失。我国的羊绒制品在国际上评价颇好，北方某厂曾出口一种“双羊”牌高档羊绒被，商标被译成英文Goats，结果销路特别不好，原因就在于在英语中goat这个词除了本意“山羊”外，还有“色鬼”之意。有了这样的英文商标，无论这种羊绒被的质量有多好，用起来多舒服，那些妙龄女子、家庭主妇也不会愿意把它铺上床的。

Answer 1

1> Culture to the outside things affect people's views and understanding of different countries, different cultures, in the mode of thinking inevitable differences this point between the East and West was particularly obvious. Western culture-oriented mode of thinking and logic analysis, and the mentality of the oriental culture showed a holistic intuition, which is also thinking of China's traditional culture features. As a result of this tradition and culture, China's special attention to intuition often, the process of understanding on the experience and feeling, often in association with this experience and feeling, "to have the people in." And the mode of thinking compared to Westerners, Chinese people of this mode of thinking has obvious broad and ambiguous, the course of time, will create a set thinking, can be interpreted as recognition of the outside things and simplify the classification process of perception. In essence, the set thinking often ignore the difference between individual things, exaggerated with the other groups related to a particular social cognitive approach, often with emotional, and with fixed creed. In all set, some set is correct, and the others are wrong, and will have direct impact on cross-cultural communication, a communication error.
2> The specific meaning of a code of conduct that is commonly accepted by the community's moral standards and codes of conduct, simple, it is to tell people what to do and not to do the norm. People from different cultural backgrounds in communication, often applied is a phenomenon of its own code of conduct for social behavior to determine the reasonableness of each other because both sides have differences in the code of conduct, often have misunderstandings, or even less unpleasant results. For example, Chinese people pat children that the head of a friendly, and in Western countries, this is a great respect for the children, parents are very angry. So in cross-cultural communication is able to correctly identify and use a code of conduct for cross-cultural communication is to ensure that the smooth progress of the important factors. To ensure the smooth progress of cross-cultural communication, we must understand each other's code of conduct, particularly what conduct was prohibited, the best way is to follow the principle of do as the Romans do.
3> People's communicative competence in the process of the community have, inevitably and values linked. Every culture has its own unique system of values, the system can help people distinguish between beauty and ugliness, good and evil, and this is the people's philosophy of life, morality and behavior standards. However, it can not be divorced from the specific culture exists, every culture is different from the criteria, such a culture that is good, another culture might consider bad, but they are in their own culture within their existence is reasonable, must not be understood as a value standard advanced, and the values behind another. A cultural example, in the Chinese culture, people respected that modest ceremony, the pursuit of Suioueran, and do not like Zhengjianghaoqing, society too often blocked outstanding individuals, is the so-called "line above all, the people will not." In Chinese culture, the collective orientation of the dominant position of the pursuit of personal development was seen as a serious individualism, will be condemned. And advocating Western culture is very individualistic, "Suioueran" be seen as a lack of entrepreneurial spirit of the performance, are lazy, incompetent fashion, society and individuals do not take. People based their thinking rooted in the hearts of people advocating independent thinking and independent judgement, relying on their ability to achieve personal interests, and that personal interests paramount.
4> Encountered the phenomenon of people, things and conduct the evaluation and interpretation is built on the foundation of its own culture, in cross-cultural communication in the same case, and will often cause communication barriers, its causes lies neglected Pragmatic migration. Cultural rules governing the use of different languages will be different, a kind of cultural standards and norms in their own only to explain their specific conditions, and can not be used as the standard to describe another culture, it will inevitably lead to the failure of cross-cultural communication, the underlying reason for this is that people lack the social differences in the sensitivity of language will be carried out unconscious Pragmatic migration, and sometimes the consequences will be very serious, even incurred huge economic losses. China's cashmere products in the international evaluation quite good, the Northern factory had exported a "double-sheep" by the licensing luxury cashmere, trademarks have been translated into English Goats, especially poor sales results, the reason for this is that in English the word apart from goat intended "goat", but also "Segui" was intended. With this in English trademarks, whether such was the quality of cashmere how good, more comfortable for them to use those Miu Ling Nethersole women, housewives will not be willing to see it go to bed the shop.

Answer 2

The culture will affect the people to the outside thing view and the understanding, different national existence different culture, will therefore have the difference inevitably in the ideological mode aspect, this point will display especially obviously between the thing culture. The western culture's ideological mode pays great attention logic and the analysis, but the Eastern culture's ideological mode displays the intuition integrity, this point is also China traditional culture thought characteristic. As a result of this traditional culture's influence, the Chinese often specially takes the intuition, pays great attention in the learning process the experience and the feeling, also often experiences in the contact by this kind and felt “judges others by oneself”. Compares with westerner's ideological mode, Chinese's this kind of ideological mode has obvious general and the fuzziness, gradually, will form one kind of thought einstellung, may explain to distinguish and simplify to the outside thing classified sensation process. From said essentially that the thought einstellung often neglects the individual thing the difference, is exaggerating with other social group related cognition manner, has the sentimental color frequently, and is accompanied by the fixed creed. In all einstellungs, some einstellungs are correct, but some are wrong, the immediate influence Trans-Culture human relations, will create the human relations fault.
the 2> behavior standards' concrete meaning is refers to the moral standards which and the standard of conduct is accepted together by the social institute, said simply, tells the people to make anything and should not make anything one standard. Different cultural context people when human relations, appears frequently a phenomenon is applies mechanically own determines opposite party behavior in society's behavior standards the rationality, as a result of the bilateral behavior standards existence difference, will have the misunderstanding frequently, not quickly even a worse result. For example the Chinese pats child's forehead to express that one kind of unfriendliness, but in Western country, this is one kind does not respect the child extremely the procedure, the parents can be angry. Therefore said that in Trans-Culture human relations whether can the recognition and using the behavior standards be correctly guaranteed the Trans-Culture human relations carry on smoothly important attribute. Must safeguard the Trans-Culture human relations smooth advance, must understand that opposite party behavior standards, any behavior is particularly is forbidden, the best means are the principle which follows does in Rome as Rome does. 3> people's human relations ability is produces in the socialized process, with the value idea relates inevitably in together. Each culture has oneself unique value system, this set of systems can help the people to differentiate US and the clown, are good and are evil, this is the people gets along with people the philosophy, the moral standards and the behavior standards. But it cannot be separated from the concrete culture to exist, each culture's judgment standard is different, this culture thought that is good, another culture possibly thinks not well, but they have its existence rationality in their cultural system, may not understand that is one kind of standard of value is advanced, but another kind of standard of value is backward. Changes into the example by the western languages, in the Chinese culture, the people esteem modest Trile, the pursue feel at ease whatever the circumstances, does not like viing for supremacy tries to outdo others, simultaneously the social convention also often forces out too prominent individual, just so-called “the line is higher than the audiences, the human must it”. In the Chinese culture, the collective orientation hold dominant position, pursues individual development regards as is one serious individualism, definitely will receive the condemnation. But the Western culture advocates the individualism, “feels at ease whatever the circumstances” is regarded as is lacks the enterprising spirit the performance, is lazy, the incompetent synonym, and individual does not take for the society. The person standard's thought is rooted in their heart, the people advocate the independent thinking, the independent judgment, depends upon own ability to realize the personal interest, and thought that the personal interest is supreme. the 4> people to the phenomenon which, the thing and the behavior appraisal and the explanation meets are the establishment in above the itself cultural foundation, in Trans-Culture human relations also similarly so, will therefore often create the human relations the barrier, its root lay in has neglected the migration which the language used. The cultural different language's use rule will be different, one culture's standard standard can only in own explain according to its special condition, but cannot describe another culture take this as the standard, otherwise definitely will cause the Trans-Culture human relations the defeat, its in-depth reason will lie in the people to lack to the social language difference sensitivity, will meet unconsciousness to carry on the language to use the migration, but this kind of consequence will be very sometimes serious, will incur the huge economic loss. Our country's wool product internationally appraises quite well, north some factory once exported one kind “the double sheep” the upscale wool quilt, the trademark is translated into English Goats, finally the sale is not specially good, the reason lies in English goat this word besides the original intention “the goat”, but also has “the sex maniac” meaning. Had such English trademark, regardless of this breeding sheep down quilt's quality has well, uses comfortably, these years of youth and beauty female, the housewife will not be willing to spread it go to bed.本回答被提问者采纳