非谓语动词的使用

Question

非谓语动词的使用细节我了解了，但是语法书上没有说一般什么时候使用哪种非谓语动词。别人说一般不定式表目的，动名词表伴随，分词表完成，是这样吗？我只是想知道一般什么时候使用哪种非谓语动词，不是细节。请大家帮助我，谢谢！

Answer 1

什么是非谓语动词？

在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词
是动词的非谓语形式.动词一般在句子中充当谓语.在句中可起名词,形容词,副词的作用,在句中充当主语,宾语,表语,补语,定语或状语.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分
3种形式：不定式，分词（现在分词、过去分词），动名词

不定式
不定式是什么？
有to的，没有 to的，两种。

常用形式:一般主动式to do, 一般被动式to be done完成主动式to have done, 完成被动式to have been done进行式to be doing

注意！不定式和一般的动词一样，有自己的主动和被动。
主动：I am glad to see you.
被动：You are here to be trained as soldiers.

不定式的含义：应当、将要、随之要发生的事

不定式有什么作用？
1．作主语
To master a foreign language is very important.
(It is very important to master a foreign language.)
2．作宾语
Do you want to visit the Great Wall?
3．作宾补(复合宾语)
The teacher advised us to have a rest first.
4．作定语
I have a lot of things to do.
5．作状语
She often comes to see me.
6．作表语
My job is to kill the cockroaches every day.
一、不定式作主语：
A. 直接作主语
Ex:
To see is to believe.
To err is human, to forgive divine.

B. it (形式主语) + be + 形、名 + 不定式
Ex:
It is good to see you.
It is easy to learn English.

It is an honor to meet you.
It is my duty to protect my country.

C. it + V + 宾语 + 不定式（V常用：take，cost，require，make）
Ex:
It takes me 5 minutes to draw the picture.
It costs me 1000 Yuan to buy this machine.
It requires great patience to be a teacher.

D. it (形式主语) + be + 介词短语 + 不定式
Ex:
It is against the law to steal.
It is beyond my ability to do this.

注意：在it作形式主语的句子中，不定式必须带to。
It + be + V-ed+ to do 的句型中，不定式动作与主动作同时发生。
It + be + V-ed+ to have done的句型中，不定式动作发生在主动作之前。
Ex: the boy was seen to fall from the tree.
The boy is said to have fallen from the tree.

二、不定式作宾语
V + 不定式
(V常用：afford、attempt、choose、continue、need、like、love、pretend、promise、 refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、wait、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、 prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等)
Ex:
They refused to do my homework.
He pretends to be sleeping.

V + 疑问词（why除外）+ 不定式
(V常用：decide, learn, forget, remember, know, understand, see, think, wonder, find out, settle等)
Ex:
We can’t decide where to go.
I don’t understand what to do.

V + 间宾 + 直宾 (疑问词 + 不定式)
(V常用：teach, inform, tell, show, advise等)
Ex:
I will show you how to use it.
Tell me what to do.

S + V + it (形式主语) + 宾补 + (for sb) +不定式 (真宾语)
(V常用：think, consider, regard, believe, feel, make, find, suppose等)
Ex:
Do you think it difficult to answer the question?
I consider it easy for him to do this.

注意：表希望的动词（过去式）＋to＋have done，表示本希望完成而没有完成的事情，后面常加上but分句，表遗憾。
Ex：
I __ you off yesterday, but I didn’t have time.
Hope to have seen/ hope to see/ hoped to have seen/ hoped to see

三、不定式作宾补
A. V + 宾 + 宾补（带to的不定式）
(V常用：like, prefer, get, tell, advise, ask, force, expect, encourage, teach, cause, allow, beg, forbid, invite, permit, persuade, remind, want, warn等)
Ex：
He told me to be quiet.
I’d like you to meet Tom.
He advised me to use this machine.

B. V + 宾 + 宾补（省to的不定式）
(V常用：四看：see, watch, notice, observe;三使役：let, make, have; 二听：listen to, hear; 一感觉：feel )
Ex:
I saw him bring out a gun.
I let Tom run.
She had the students do their homework.

C. V + 宾 +（to be）+ 形
(V常用：find, consider, believe, think, feel, prove等)
Ex:
I consider him (to be) cool.
I feel her (to be) very kind.

D. 短语动词 + 宾 + 宾补（带to的不定式）
(短语动词常用：call on, wait for, ask for, depend on, rely on等)
Ex:
We are waiting for you to answer.
Chairman Mao called on us to learn from Lei Feng.
You can’t rely on other people to help you.

注意：a. 宾补不定式的否定形式：not to do。Ex: he warned us not to do it.
b. have + 宾 + do 而 get + 宾 + to do.

四、不定式作定语
形式：被修饰语＋to do
不定式与被修饰语的关系：
动宾关系
Ex: I have 2 letters to write.
She has no food to eat.
主谓关系
Ex: he was the only one to have the power.
无主谓动宾关系
Ex: I have no time to do it.
He has no money to buy the book.

注意：a. 由V转化而来的N，且V本身能接to do，那么该N后面常用to do作定语。如：decide/decision, need, order, wish, hope, promise, choose/choice等。
Ex: I have no wish to win. She made a promise to help me.
b. 许多时候to do作定语相当于一个定从的作用。。
Ex: it is the right way to take. = it is the right way that we should take.
c. to do也可以与which连用作定语。
Ex：You must have a sword with which to defend yourself.
You should have the time in which to leave.
d. 带疑问词的to do不能直接作定语。
Ex：This is the only way how to solve the problem. F

e. to do作定语时可以带逻辑主语
Ex：I have a letter for you to read.

五、不定式作表语
不定式作表语，可以用来表达主语的内容，也可以用来表示目的。
主语与表语都是不定式的句型
Ex：To see is to believe.

2. 主语是由V转化而来的N，且原来的V本身接不定式，那么该句的表语也用不定式。
Ex：My wish/hope/plan/purpose is to buy a new car.

3. 主语是由all, what引导的从句，表语可以用不定式。
Ex：All you should do is to apologize.
What she must do now is to keep quiet.

系动词是seem，appear，happen等表似乎、碰巧的单词后，表语用不定式。
Ex：He seems to be ill.
Tom happens to know me.
*在此用法中，主+ seem等动词 + to do = it seems/seemed that 主 do
Ex: she happened to be not at home = it happened that she was not at home.

六、不定式作状语
不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。
Be (系V) + 形容词（情绪、状态、品质） + to do
Ex: I am afraid to tell her the truth.
I feel proud to be a Chinese.
He was determined to leave.
You are right to say so.

在固定句型中作状语。
Ex：a. so as to 句型: he was so careless as to leave his door unlocked.
Walk quietly so as not to wake up the baby.

b. in order to句型: He canceled the meeting in order to watch the game.
c. 形 + enough + to 句型: He is old enough to make his own decision.
Are you good enough to close the door for me?
d. too… to…句型: You are too young to understand.
It is too late to go.
e. only to do表示出人意料的结果: We hurried to the classroom only to find none there.

在整个句子中作状语
Ex: To be honest, I like her.
To tell you the truth, I don’t know.

注意现象：a. 不定式的省略。
①and或or连接的并列结构。
Ex: I want to finish my homework and go home.
I’m really puzzled what to think or say.
特例：To be or not to be, this is a question.
He is better to laugh than to cry. (表示对比)
②不定式作表语，前面句中含do时，后面省略to。
Ex：What he did was lose the game.
③介词but、except、besides（除了）、such as，若前面有do，后面要省to，否则就不省。
Ex: what do you like me to do besides swim?
I had no choice but to swim.
④rather than, 前面含有不定式，后面省to。如：I’d like to dance rather than sing.
⑤Why not、had better、would rather、can’t but等词后省to。如：He could not but walk home.

分词
现在分词：V＋ing
功能：作定语、状语、表语、宾补。
含义：表主动，同时发生。也表“令人～”
常用形式:一般主动式doing, 一般被动式being done完成主动式having done, 完成被动式having been done
现在分词作定语
Ving + N
Ex: a running horse, a flying pig, a missing child, exciting news, an interesting book.

复合现在分词＋N
Ex: a good-looking girl, a hard-working teacher, a record-breaking jump

N＋Ving/复合现分: 其功能相当于一个定从
Ex: They plan to build a road leading into (= which lead into) the mountain.
This is a house belonging to (=which belongs to) my dad.
注意：
a. 现分与动名作定语的区别
现分，被修饰N是Ving的主语：A flying bird = a bird that is flying; the sleeping beauty = the beauty who is sleeping.
动名词, N与Ving中没有主谓关系，只表示目的、用途：a waiting room = a room for waiting, 而不是 a room that is waiting.

b. 现分与过分作定语的区别
现分，表示正在的，或，主动的意思。也有“令人～”的意思
过分，表示完成的，或，被动的意思。也有“觉得～”的意思
Ex：比较An eating boy与an eaten apple; Exciting news与excited people.

现在分词作表语
主＋系＋表（Ving，表情绪、特征、状态）
Ex：The book is interesting.
This movie is boring.
注意：a. 要注意不要把Ving作表语与作进行时搞混。作进行时的V往往表动作。
b. 现分与过分作表语的区别：
现分, 反映本身的属性。“令人～”
过分, 反映人的感觉。“觉得～”
Ex：比较The boy is interesting.与 the boy is interested.

现在分词作状语
1．现在分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。
①时间状语（前面可加when, while等）
Ex: Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy.
②原因状语
Ex: Being ill, his father stayed at home.
③伴随状语
Ex: The girls came in, following their parents.
④结果状语
Ex: The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.
注意：a. 现分状语的几个特性。①时间性。与谓语动词同时发生to do。发生在主动作之前，用having done。②语态性。③人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。

2. 现分作独立主格结构：现分有自己独立的逻辑主语（既，分句和主句各自有自己的主语），名/代＋Ving
ex：The day being fine (= as the day is fine), we decide to go to the park.
There being ice on the road, I have to be careful.
比较：Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy. 前后主语都是he。
3. 作句子的独立状语：
ex: generally/frankly speaking, he is a good man.

现在分词作补语
主＋谓＋宾＋Ving
Ex：I see my teacher coming.
记忆常见动词搭配：see sb doing sth.
hear sb doing sth
watch, smell, catch, find, feel, notice, have, leave, listen to, look at
注意：上述的许多动词既可接do，也可接doing

过去分词：V＋ed
功能：作定语、状语、表语、宾补。
含义：表被动，表已经完成（先于谓语发生）。

过去分词作定语
完成或被动的意思
1. Ved + N
Ex: a frightened girl, a broken cup, a missed chance, a satisfied smile;
Fallen leaves, returned students.

复合过去分词＋N
Ex: a home-made pie, a well-dressed woman, half-finished products.

N＋Ved/复合过分: 其功能相当于一个定从
Ex: There are some thing planned (= which is planned) for tonight.
I always remember the thing happened (= which has happened) 10 years ago.

注意：若要表示正在被进行的动作，则要用过去分词的进行式（既，现分的被动式）
Ex: there is a meeting being held in BJ.
I know nothing about the thing being discussed.

二、过去分词作表语
主＋系＋Ved（Ved作形容词，要用表情绪、特征、状态的V才可以）
Ex：The boy is interested in this book.
I am disappointed with you.
注意：要注意不要把Ved作表语与被动语态搞混。两者结构相同，意义不同。 Be＋表语表状态，被动结构表动作。
比较：The shop is closed. 与The shop is often closed at 9:00.
The window is broken. 与The window was broken by Tom.

三、过去分词作状语
1．句中作时间、原因、条件等状语。
①时间状语（前面可加when, while等）
Ex: When heated (=when it is heated), ice will be changed into water.
②原因状语
Ex: Given an apple (=if the boy is given an apple), the boy will stop crying.
③条件状语
Ex: Given better instruction (=if they are given better…), the students will learn better.
If asked, he will come.
注意：过分与现分作状语的不同。不表伴随，不表结果

2. 过分也有独立主格结构：过分有自己的逻辑主语。名/代＋Ved
ex：The work finished (= as the work is finished), we decide to go to the park.

3. 单独的过分作状语：
Ex: frustrated, he went back home.
Astonished, he cried out.

注意几个现象：
a. 过分作状语可以与连词连用: I went on talking, though interrupted by noise.
*b. 少数时候过分被直接当“如果…”用（既不是普通的条件状语，也不是独立主格，此处Ved相当于if）：
ex：Given good weather, we will go to the park = if there is good weather…
Provided there is no question, we shall stop today.

四、过去分词作补语
1. 主＋谓＋宾＋Ved 表被动
Ex：I had my shoes repaired yesterday.
I get my dog washed.
The wine made me drunk.
We all wish the problem settled.
How do you like your hair cut?
He found the window broken.
注意：have sb do sth与have sth done的区别
2. 谓 + with + Ved
Ex：The day ended with nothing finished.
He sat with doors closed all day.

动名词
Ving作为名词使用
功能：与普通名词一样：作主、宾、表、同位、以及构成合成词。
常用形式， 与现分一样：（一般主动式doing, 一般被动式being done完成主动式having done, 完成被动式having been done）

1．作主语
普通用法，同一般名词：
Seeing is believing.
Smoking is bad.
Reading helps us learning.
Playing ball is good for the health.

It 作形式主语的用法：
It is no use doing that.
It is no good reading such books.
It is a waste of time going there.
It is worth while discussing the question again.
It is fun playing this game

There be + no +动名 的用法：
There is no knowing what he would do.
There was no arguing with her.

2．作宾语
作动词的宾语: V＋动名
Ex: I suggested buying a new car.
Do you enjoy eating?
I can’t help laughing.
什么样的V后要接动名词呢？

作介词的宾语：介＋动名
Ex: she left without saying a word.
How about seeing a movie?
作动词短语的宾语
Ex：be devoted to, look forward to, get/be used to, object to doing sth
Prevent sb from doing, have trouble (in) doing, put sb into trouble of doing, insist of doing

3．作表语
主＋系＋doing（名词性表语）
Ex：My job is teaching.

4．作同位语
与动作性名词相联，作其同位语
Ex：This move, stretching your body, is good for your bone.
His aim, winning the game, is very clear.

总结：
1.
不定
（即将，应当发生） 现分
（主动，正在发生） 过分
（被动，已完成） 动名
（名词性动词）
主 O X X O
宾 O X X O
表 O O O O
定 O O O O

状 时 O O O

X
条 O O O
因 O O O
果 O O X
独 O O O
伴 X O O
补 O O O X

2．接动名词与接不定式作宾语的V
接动名词的V
只接doing的V，记忆Mwcarfeispkd (记，没咖啡是不可的)
M: mind, miss, mention
W: be worthy/be busy
C: consider, can’t help, can’t stand
A: avoid, appreciate, admit
R: risk, resist
F: finish, fancy, forgive
E: enjoy, escape, excuse
I: imagine, include
S: suggest
P: practice
K: keep (on)
D: dislike, delay, deny

2. 既可接doing也可接to do，且意思会随之变化的“两栖”V，
记“爱恨frogs”
爱恨: like, love, prefer, hate
Frogs：
F：forget
R: remember, regret
og: go on
S: stop
注意：接doing和to do的意思差别

3. 既可接doing也可接to do，且意思不会变化的V
Begin, start
接不定式的V
记忆：
提出 学会的打算，答应 要求来帮忙
准备 决定遭拒绝，敢于 设法有希望
未能做到 莫 假装，坚持到底要自强
提出：offer，afford
学会：learn
打算：plan
答应：promise，agree
要求：demand，ask
帮忙：help
准备：prepare
决定：decide，determine，choose
拒绝：refuse
敢于：dare
设法：manage
希望：hope，wish，expect，long
未能做到：fail
假装：pretend

注意：这3个V
The window needs/requires/wants cleaning/to be cleaned.

Answer 2

这句的主动是：....find
him
smoking
in...用smoking表示正在抽烟，所以现场被发现了抽烟，正在抽，所以要用doing,

Answer 3

Answer 4

在句子中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词(the Non-Finite Verbs)。非谓语动词有三种：不定式（the Infinites）、动名词（the Gerunds）和分词（the Participles）。
1．非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：
（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
（2）都可以被状语修饰：
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
（3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。例如：
He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）
He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）
We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）
Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）
（4）都可以有逻辑主语
They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）
The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）
We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）
We being League member, the work was well done.
（现在分词的逻辑主语）
2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：
（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。
（二）非谓语动词的句法功能：

二、非谓语动词用法：
（一）动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
1．不定式的形式：（以动词write为例）

否定式：not + (to) do
（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，
例如：
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2．不定式的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
（2）作表语：
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
（3）作宾语：
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
（4）作宾语补足语：
在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema．
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
（5）作定语：
动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：
①动宾关系：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②说明所修饰名词的内容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
He is the first to get here.
（6）作状语：
①表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right：To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表结果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示强调：
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因：
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度：
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
（7）作独立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
（二）动名词：
动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。
1．动名词的形式：

否定式：not + 动名词
（1）一般式：
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
（2）被动式：
He came to the party without being invited．他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
（3）完成式：
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
（4）完成被动式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
（5）否定式：not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
2．动名词的句法功能：
（1）作主语：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
（2）作表语：
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。
（3）作宾语：
They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…（from）,protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
（4）作定语：
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？
（5）作同位语：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．
他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
（三）现在分词：
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
1、现在分词的形式：

否定式：not + 现在分词
（1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成
式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。
（2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动
词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
2．现在分词的句法功能：
（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语
放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
（2）现在分词作表语：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
（3）作宾语补足语：
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
（4）现在分词作状语：
①作时间状语：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。
②作原因状语：
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语，表示伴随：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
④作条件状语：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语：
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head．
我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分：
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
从外表看，他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。
（四）过去分词：
过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。
过去分词的句法功能：
1．过去分词作定语：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2．过去分词作表语：
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被动）
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：
boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）
newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）
the changed world（变了的世界）
这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3．过去分词作宾语补足语：
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。
4．过去分词作状语：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。本回答被网友采纳