主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。
He likes watching TV.他喜欢看电视。
主语表明这句话说的是谁和什么，主语主要由名词、代词或相当于名词的单词，短语或从句充当。
一. 名词作主语
David arrived last night. 大卫昨晚到达。
Pride goes before a fall. 骄必败。
二. 代词作主语
Who is speaking, please? （在电话中）请问您是谁？
That's OK. 这没问题。
三. 数词作主语
Two will be enough. 两个就够了。
Two-thirds of the workers are women. 三分之二的工人是女工。
四. ing形式作主语
Skating is good exercise. 溜冰是很好的运动。
Looking up all the new words in the dictionary took him a lot of time.
从字典里查所有的生词花费了他许多时间。
五. 不定式作主语
To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.
把理想转变成现实需要辛勤的劳动。
六. 名词化的形容词作主语
The blind and the lame are well cared for in our country.
在我们国家，盲人和肢残人受到很好的照顾。
The unemployed usually lead a hard life.
失业的人生活一般很困难。
七. 短语作主语
How to do well is an important question.
如何把这件事做好是一个重要问题。
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.
早睡早起身体好。
八. 从句作主语
What has happened proves that our policy is right.
发生的一切证明我们的政策是对的。
Whether we'll go depends on the weather.
我们是否去要看天气。
谓语
谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。 一般在主语之后
一般可分为两类：
1)，简单谓语
由动词(或短语动词)构成。
可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。
We study for the people.我们为人民学习。
2)，复合谓语：情态动词＋不定式
I can speak a little English.我可以说一点英语。
表语
表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。
My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是护士。
宾语
宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。
We like English.我们喜欢英语。
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。
He gave me some ink.他给了我一点墨水。
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如：
We make him our monitor.我们选他当班长。
宾语一般用在及物动词的后面，表示行为动词所涉及的对象。
一. 名词作宾语
Show your passport, please.
请出示护照。
二. 代词作宾语
He didn't say anything.
她什么也没说。
三. 数词作宾语
How many do you want? - I want two.
你要几个？－ 我要两个。
四. 名词化的形容词作宾语
They sent the injured to hospital.
他们把伤员送到医院。
五. 不定式或ing形式作宾语
The asked to see my passport.
他们要求看我的护照。
I enjoy working with you.
我和你们一道工作很愉快。
六. 从句作宾语
Did you write down what he said?
你把他的话记下了没有？
转载自：
http://0.px.kebeke.com/ke_know_view_id_613.html补语
1、主补：接在动词之后对主语起着解释或描述作用的成分
形容词作主补
They married young. 他们结婚时还年轻。
He died happy. 他怀着幸福的心情死去。
No man is born wise. 没有生而知之。
ed分词作主补
He came in drunk. 他走进来的时候醉醺醺的。
He died a poor man. 他死时很穷。
He died a millionaire. 他死的时候是个百万富翁。
2、宾补： 宾补对宾语加以解释或描述。
使用宾补的句型： 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补（S+V+O+OC）
以下成分可以充当宾补：
名词，代词，形容词，副词，ing形式，ed分词，不定式，介词短语，名词性从句。
名词作宾补 I consider him a gentleman.
代词作宾补 Whom do you think me? （Whom是宾补）
形容词作宾补 Wash your hands clean.
副词作宾补 I found him out.
ing形式作宾补 They left me wait.
ed分词作宾补 I heard my name called.
不定式作宾补 I thought him to be a good man.
介词短语作宾补 Make yourself at home.
名词性从句作宾补 His wife has made him what he is.
状语 转引自：
http://hi.baidu.com/rightdo/blog/item/98de7f60643aee47eaf8f863.html一、什么叫状语？就是动词的八个状态:时间、地点、原因、状态、目的、结果、方式、程度.
修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成份叫状语。例如：
My parents often tell us about their bitter life in the past．我父母经常给我们讲他们过去的苦难生活。
She studies hard．她努力学习。
I am very tired．我非常疲倦。
二、什么可以作状语？
1．副词：Say again．再说一遍。
Suddenly it began to rain．天突然下雨了。
2．介词短语：
Please come here in the evening．请晚上来这儿。
He wrote with a red pencil．他用红铅笔写的。
3．动词不定式（或不定式短语）：
He went to see a film．他看电影去了。
My father was surprised to hear the news．
我父亲听到这个消息，感到惊奇。
4．分词（或分词短语）：
He sat there reading a novel．他坐在那儿看小说。
The students went away laughing．学生们笑着走开了。
5．名词：
Wait a moment．等一会儿。
It can go all day and all night．它能整日整夜地走。
6．状语从句：
I’ll write to you as soon as I get there．
我一到那儿就给你写信。
He didn’t come because he had to stay at home to finish his home work．他没来，因为他不得不留在家里完成家庭作业。
三、状语的分类：
状语按用途可分为：地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等几类。
1．地点状语：
The students are doing their homework in the classroom．学生们正在教室里做作业。
2．时间状语：
I learned a lot from the peasants when I lived in the countryside．我在农村生活时，向农民学到很多东西。
3．目的状语：
They set out early so that they might arrive on time．他们早点动身，以便准时到达。
4．原因状语：
She will not go home because she has to attend a meeting．因为要开会，所以她不能回家了。
5．结果状语：
Li Ming studied so hard that he caught up with the others very quickly．李明学习如此努力，结果很快赶上了其他人。
6．程度状语：
I nearly forgot what he had promised．
我几乎忘记了他答应的事。
7．方式状语：
He came singing and dancing．他唱着跳着走过来。
8．条件状语：
If you work hard at English，you will do well in English．如果你努力学习英语，你的英语成绩就会好。
9．让步状语：
He went to school yesterday though he was ill．
昨天他尽管有病，仍上学去了。
10．比较状语：
Lesson Two is not so difficult as Lesson One．
第二课不像第一课那样难。
四、状语的位置：
一般说来状语在句中的位置比较灵活，它可以处于句首、句中或句末。
1．状语位于句首：为了强调状语或者为了使它与上下文紧密衔接，通常把状语放于句首。
Tomorrow I am going swimming．明天我要去游泳。
Here in the cinema house，smoking is not allowed．
在电影院这里不准吸烟的。
2．状语位于句中：状语在句中的位置是：
(1)如果没有助动词，状语就位于动词前面。
I often go to see a film．我经常看电影。
(2)如果动词前有一个或几个助动词，状语位于第一个助动词之后。
He has already had his lunch．他已吃过午饭了。
(3)如果动词是be，状语就放在be动词之后。
He is always at home．他总是在家。
定语
定语分为前置定语和后置定语。
前置定语在名词中心词之前，前置定语通常较短；
后置定语在名词中心词之后，后置定语通常较长。
1、前置定语
形容词作定语
He's a tall man. 他是个高个子的男子。
名词作定语
There are a lot of banana trees on the island.（banana） 岛上有许多香蕉树。
数词作定语
Three thousand people watched the game. 三万人观看了球赛。
ing形式作定语
There is a swimming pool near our school. 我们学校附近有一个游泳池。
ed分词作定语
frozen food 冷冻食品 fallen leaves 落叶
限定词作定语
Many men are working there. 许多人在那儿工作。
2、后置定语 （转引自：
http://www.nddqsy.com/newmemolinsheng2.asp?ide2=new3&id=49）
后置定语虽属语法范畴，但教材上甚至语法书上没有专门的章节予以讲述，而只有零散地见之于注释中。因此，有必要对后置定语进行归纳、整理，以便对它有个系统的整体的认识。下文所述后置定语与前置定语相对而言，它可作为英语句子结构问题的一项补充。
(1) 副词作后置定语。例：
Match the problems and the advice in the form below.
They found no way out.
The weather there is quite special.
The food here doesn’t suit me.
I’ll buy you a dictionary on my way home.
(2) 形容词alive和过去分词left只作后置定语。例：
Who’s the greatest man alive?
Today in the world there are not many pandas alive.
Hurry up. There’s little time left.
There were no trees left in and around the village.
(3) more（另外的,附加的），nearby, upstairs, downstairs, enough(路杰、路明华,1994:12), possible, present, available, obtainable等形容词既可作前置定语又可作后置定语。例：
Today I have to write two letters more ( = two more letters ).
Tomorrow he is going to a village nearby ( = a nearby village ).
The room upstairs ( = The upstairs room ) is filled with people.
Next year we may add a bathroom downstairs ( = a downstairs bathroom ).
I have money enough ( = enough money ) to buy a bike.
The engineers thought about all the plans possible ( = all the possible plans ).
The decision was not made by the villagers present.
We should adapt to the present international situation.
Every available fire-engine ( = Every fire-engine available ) was rushed to the scene.
(4) enough 只能作在句子中具有形容词性质的名词的后置定语（余生泽，1994：8）。例：
I was fool enough to believe what he said.
He wasn’t man enough to admit his mistake.
He is gentleman enough to forgive their being rude.
(5) else 只作后置定语，修饰疑问代词和不定代词；或作为疑问副词的后置修饰语。例：
What else do you need?
Ask somebody else to help you.
There’s nothing else you can take away.
Who else’s umbrella can this be?
When else shall we meet again, if Friday is not convenient for you?
(6) 复合不定代词的定语都是后置定语。例：
So, there’s nothing serious, Doctor?
You’ll know someone important at the ball.
There you can find something useful.
There’s nobody else suitable for the job.
(7) 各种短语都作后置定语，如介词短语、副词短语、形容词短语、数词短语等。例：
The woman in red is my aunt.
His father and his grandfather often told him stories about their family history.
Have you seen those strangers over there?
He had to borrow books from a library far from here.
She carried a basket full of pears.
We must find a stick two meters long.
(8) 不定式(短语)作后置定语。例：
What do you plan to do in the year to come ?
I have some ways to keep the young plants out of the cold.
The bridge to be built here will cost much.
(9) 不定式(短语)作一些名词如 way, chance, right的后置定语，也可以换成 “of + doing Sth.…”（周贞雄,2003:195）的介词短语结构作后置定语①，此外还有opportunity, determination等。例：
They have found many ways to protect this cultural relic.
= They have found many ways of protecting this cultural relic.
I have had no chance to get away.
= I have had no chance of getting away.
I know I have the right to vote.
= I know I have the right of voting.
There we had few opportunities of meeting interesting people.
I have no opportunity to discuss the matter with her.
(10) 单个分词作前置定语，而分词短语作后置定语；但有时单个分词也可作后置定语②。例：
Can they restore the damaged palace?
Deer don’t like eating fallen leaves.
Take away the crying boy.
What do you plan to do in the coming year?
We hope to have a good harvest in the year coming.
The total money collected had come to over 92 million dollars.
Do you know the pretty girl dancing in the center?
There were over 300 people trapped above the fire.
Following their two teachers, the students entered the ancient temple regarded as the only local cultural relic.
(11) 定语从句都是后置定语③。例：
In the north where it is cold, they grow wheat.
The manager in whose department Mr. Li worked looked down upon women.
I will never forget the day, on which I joined the Party.
(12)当先行词在定语从句中充当主语时，定语从句可化为分词（短语）或不定式(短语)作后置定语。例：
I know the only route that leads to the top of the mountain.
= I know the only route leading to the top of the mountain.
Most of the guests who had been invited to the reception were his old friends.
= Most of the guests invited to the reception were his old friends.
Complete the following passage, using the words which have been given.
= Complete the following passage, using the words given.
The teacher has assigned us two exercises which shall be finished before next Monday.
= The teacher has assigned us two exercises to be finished before next Monday.
注释:
① 有些名词只用不定式(短语)作后置定语，而另一些名词只用“of + doing Sth.…” 的介词短语结构作后置定语。这个问题不在本文讨论范围。
② 单个分词作前置定语与作后置定语，有时意义有所变化；甚至v-ing形式作前置定语时也有动名词与现在分词之分。如：
The method used is very efficient.（意为“运用的”）
This is a used bike.（意为“旧的”）
All parties concerned are present.（意为“有关的”）
Concerned parents held a meeting.（意为“忧虑的”）（张莉娟，2006：177）
Take care of the boys in the swimming pool.（动名词作定语，表示“用途”）
Take care of the swimming boys.（现在分词作定语，表示“正在进行”）
③ 非限制性定语从句虽然可以作补充说明用，但仍属后置定语的范畴，除了由as和which引导的没有特定的先行词的情况外，如以下两例：
As was expected, he made a long speech.
It was raining heavily, which kept us indoors