定语从句学习难点讲析
定语从句是各类从句学习的重点,也是难点。同学们在学习中常遇到一些难题,出现一些错误。下面就几个难点作一讲析。
一、如何正确使用连接主从句的引导词
一个定语从句的引导词是用关系代词还是关系副词,这是同学们首先遇到的一个难题,由于把握不准,所以出错较多。请看以下例子:
1. A. That is the school _____________we studied three years ago.
B. That is the school ____________ we built three years ago.
2. A. I've forgotten the exact day ______ he gave me the film copy.
B. I've forgotten the exact day ______ he fixed for me to have the operation.
3. A. Beijing is a city ____________ there is the famous Summer Palace.
B. Beijing is China's political and cultural center, ____________ has the most universities.
这三组句子中的A、B句看上去很相近,因此,同学们在判断空格线上所使用的引导词时很容易出错。我们来作一解析:上述各组A句中先行词所表示的是从句中谓语动词动作发生的地点或时间,如1A句空格中指的是in the school, 2A句空格中指的是on the day, 3A句空格中指的是in the city,因此,引导词指的是状语,从句谓语动词与先行词之间是一种"谓状"关系,要分别用 where, when, where;而上面各组B句中的先行词表示的是定语从句的宾语或主语,如1B句中的 built the school, 2B句中的fixed the day, 3B句中的the place has,从句谓语动词与先行词之间是一种"动宾"或"主谓"关系,因此,引导词要用关系代词that或which(3B句是一个非限制性定语从句,只能用which)。
通过解析我们可知:判断是用关系代词还是关系副词要看先行词在从句中的指代。如果是谓语与状语的关系,就用关系副词,如果是主谓或是动宾关系就用关系代词。
二、弄清几个问题
1. 区别清"It +be"引导的强调句与带有定语从句的复合句。请看下列两组句子:
A. It was September 11, 2001 ________ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked.
B. It was on September 11, 2001_______ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked.
A. It was Wuhan ____________ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her.
B. It was in Wuhan ____________ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her.
以上两组A、B句除了分别相差介词on 和in之外,其余部分完全相同。但一词之差句式不同,横线上的词也不同。那么究竟哪个是强调句,哪个是含定语从句的复合句呢?有一个简单的判定方法:去掉It was和连接词(横线部分)。如果剩余部分仍是一个完整的句子,则是强调句;否则,那个空格中所用的引导词及其引导的部分就是定语从句。根据这个原则我们就很容易判断出两组的A句是含定语从句的复合句,横线部分分别用关系副词when 和where。而B句则是强调句,横线部分应是that。
2. 定冠词的有无
有时定冠词在句中有决定性的作用。有无定冠词影响着定语从句的结构。如:
(1) This is one of the books that_______ (sell) well in the bookstore.
(2) This is the one of the books that _________ (sell) well in the bookstore.
sell取单数还是复数?分析:在(1)中,that 引导的定语从句修饰的是the books, 而(2)中one前有了一个the, 句子重心前移,这时从句修饰的是the one。因此(1)应用sell, (2)应用sells。再看:
(1) Is this the boy _______ you want to talk to?
(2) Is this boy __________ you want to talk to?
在这两个句子中,(1)the boy 是先行词,它在主句中是表语,定语从句修饰的是主句的表语,因此空格处应用whom, that(甚至who 也可以); 但(2)则不同,从结构上看,这个主句不全,this boy是主语,is是系动词,没有表语(先行词),所以首先要补上先行词(名词或代词),写成Is this boy the boy ______ you want to talk to?这里boy重复,用one代替,然后再在空白处加上关系代词whom(who),或that,即是Is this boy the one whom (that) you want to talk to?
3. 注意标点符号的形式
有时我们会见到这样的句子:
(1) Entering the room, I found a note on the table, _________ read: “I've left for Harbin.”
(1) Entering the room, I found a note on the table. __________ read: “I've left for Harbin.”
一个标点符号决定一个句子的结构。在(1)中,横线前是一个逗号,说明逗号前后是一个句子的两个部分。根据句意可知逗号后是一个非限制性定语从句,因此横线部分用which。(2)中前后两句之间用了句号,说明前后是两个独立的句子,因此,空格处应填入能作主语,代替a note的代词。因为指物,故用It。
超越语法: 定语从句典型错误剖析
定语从句是中学英语中的一个重要语法项目,学生们在学习和使用中出现了这样或那样的错误。现将其中的一些典型错误句例总结如下,供大家引以为鉴。
1. Is this the pen your father bought it for you?
答案:去掉it。
解析:定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当一定的成分。因此从句中不能再出现与关系词作用相同的代词或名词,以避免重复。误句中省略的关系代词(which/that)作bought的宾语,故it是多余的。
2. Have you been to the company where she works there?
答案:去掉there。
解析:关系副词已作了working的地点状语。
3. I shall never forget the days when I spent with you.
答案:将when改为which/that。
解析:先行词在定语从句中作spent的宾语,故用which/that,而when在从句中只作时间状语。
4. Is this all what you want to say?
答案:将what改为that。
解析:先行词为指物的不定代词时,其后的定语从句用that来引导,作宾语时也可省略。而what不能引导定语从句。
5. He lived in a house, in front of it he planted some beautiful flowers.
答案:将it改为which。
解析:这是一个含有非限制性定语从句的复合句, which在从句中作介词宾语。
6. Mother came back on December 21 when was my birthday.
答案:将when改为which。
解析: which指代时间(December 21)作定语从句的主语。
7. This is the ring for which she is looking.
答案:将for移到looking之后。
解析:look for是固定短语动词,不能够拆开使用。
8. Is this history museum that some foreign friends visited last week?
答案:在that前加the one。
解析:犯这类错误的主要原因是错把this history museum看作是定语从句的先行词。根据句子结构,this history museum应是主句的主语。故应添加一个定语从句的先行词the one作主句中的表语。
9. This is the monitor her English is the best in our class.
答案:将her改为whose。
解析:用whose代替her引起定语从句,修饰先行词the monitor。
10. As you know it, he has left for Australia.
答案:去掉it。
解析:关系代词as作know的宾语,再使用it就重复了。
11. The meeting was put off, that was exactly what we wanted.
答案:将that改为which。
解析:that作为关系代词不能用于非限制定语从句中。此处which指代主句(The meeting was put off)。
12. I don’t like the way which you treat your mother.
答案: 1)在which前加in。 2) 将which改为that。 3) 去掉which。
解析:当先行词the way在定语从句中作状语时,其关系代词可用that/in which或不用。
13. He told the good news to those who was present at the meeting.
答案:将was改为were。
解析:定语从句中的谓语动词,在数和人称上必须与主句中的先行词保持一致。该句的先行词是those, 故应用were。
14. The expert visited our school is from Shanghai.
答案:在visited前加who。
解析:关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不能省略。
15. Who’s the old man whom you just shook hands?
答案:在hands后加上with。
解析:定语从句中的关系代词whom作with的宾语,故介词with不能省略。
定语从句归纳·拓展(一)引导定语从句的词叫作关系代词或关系副词。关系代词有who、 whom、 whose、 that、 which、as等;关系副词有when、 where、 why等。它们具有三个功能:1.连接主句和从句; 2. 指代先行词; 3. 在从句中充当一种成分。如: “This is the book that I want to buy.” “that”连接主句 “This is the book”和从句 “I want to buy”,指代先行词 “book”,并在从句中作 “buy”的宾语。一、关系代词的用法关系代词的选用:第一,取决于它指代的是人还是物,指代人时可用who、 whom、 that或as, 指代物时用that、 which或as;第二,取决于它在从句中充当的成分,关系代词在从句中可充当主语、宾语、定语等。如:1) The man who / that is standing at the door is my English teacher. 站在门口的那个人是我的英语老师。(who / that在从句中充当主语)2) Do you know the man whom / that we met in the street? 你认识我们在街上碰到的那个人吗?(whom / that在从句中充当宾语)指人的who和whom有格的区别:who在从句中作主语(在非正式说法中也可作宾语),whom在从句中只能作宾语,不能作主语,也可以省略。3) The problem that / which troubles us is how to finish the work in time. 使我们烦恼的问题是怎样才能按时完成这项工作。 (that / which在从句中作主语)4) The book that / which I bought yesterday is worth reading. 昨天我买的这本书值得一读。(that / which在从句中作宾语,这时可以省略)关系代词whose一般指人,表示"该人的",也可指物,表示 “该物的”,在从句中作定语。如:Thats the painter whose works are so highly regarded. 那位就是其作品受到很高评价的画家。The building whose roof we can see from here is a hotel. 我们在这儿望得见屋顶的那座房子是一个旅馆。whose在以物为先行词时,可用of which代替,尤其是口语中。上例相当于:The building the roof of which we can see from here is a hotel.二、 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词whom, which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,可以跟介词一起放在主句和从句之间;当先行词指人时,介词后的关系代词用whom, 其余用which,这时的关系代词不能省略;有时为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词,也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面,这时的which可用that替换。当介词放在从句有关动词的后面时,关系代词which, that, whom在口语中和非正式文体中经常省略。如:This is the room in which he used to live. = This is the room (which / that) he used to live in. 这是他过去居住过的房间。Who's the man with whom you just shook hands? =Who's the man (that / whom) you just shook hands with? 刚才你与他握手的那个人是谁?但含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在动词的后面。如:This is the book (which / that) I'm looking for. 这就是我在找的那本书。在这类定语从句中,介词的选择一般根据动词的需要,如上述几例,或者根据先行词来决定。如:There is a mountain of which the top is always covered with snow. 有一座山顶总是覆盖着雪的山。三、关于使用关系代词的几点说明:1. 指物的关系代词that和which常可互换,但下列情况下通常用关系代词that:1)当先行词是:all, none, much, little, everything, everybody, everyone, nothing等不定代词时。如:All (that) he said at the meeting encouraged us greatly. 他在会上说的一切,使我们受到很大的鼓舞。2)当先行词前有形容词的最高级、序数词及the last, the same, the only, the very等修饰时。如:This is the best film (that) I have ever seen. 这是我所看过影片中最好的一部。The first article (that) Lucy wrote in Chinese was good. 露西用汉语写的第一篇文章很好。3)先行词中既含有 “人”也含有 “物”时。如:He talked about the teachers and schools (that) he had visited. 他谈起他所访问过的老师和学校。2. 关系代词作表语时一般不用who,而用that。如:He is not the man that he was. 他不是从前的他了。(从句中that是was的表语)3. 若含有疑问代词:who, which, what等时,应避免使用关系代词who, which,而应用that。如:Who that knows him will believe him. 认识他的人会相信他。Which of the two cows (that) you keep produces more milk? 你养的两头奶牛,哪头产奶多? 语从句归纳·拓展(二)--when, where, why引导定语从句学习四要素when、where、why引导的定语从句是定语从句重要内容,也是高考重要考点,学习这些定语从句时应注意下列几点:一、掌握when、 where、 why基本用法when、 where、 why是关系副词,其基本用法如下表。关系副词 属性 在句中作用 例 句when 表时间 时间状语 I remember the days when I stayed there.where 表地点 地点状语 This is the room where I lost my pen.why 表原因 原因状语 This is the reason why he was late.二、熟悉易误用when, where, why的场合若先行词虽表时间、地点、原因,但在定语从句中不作时间、地点和原因状语而作主语或宾语,属于关系代词范畴,应用关系代词that或which,而不能用关系副词when, where, why引导定语从句。例:I regret the days (that / which) I wasted in the woods. 我后悔在森林里虚度的日子。(先行词在从句中作宾语)I'll never forget the year 1976 which /that was full of sadness.我不会忘记充满悲哀的1976年。(先行词在从句中作主语)That is the factory that/which produces cars.那是生产小汽车的工厂。(先行词在从句中作主语)That is the factory (that / which) he visited yesterday. 那是他昨天参观的工厂。(先行词在从句中作宾语)He gave the reason that / which was unreasonable. 他给出一个没道理的理由。(先行词在从句中作主语)What is the reason (that/which) he raised? 他提出的理由是什么?(先行词在从句中作宾语)三、了解关系副词与关系代词转换规律关系代词whom或which在定语从句中作介词宾语时,介词可放在后面,也可提前构成介词+关系代词whom (先行词指人)/which(先行词指物)引导定语从句(这种方法更为正式)。例:Mary is the girl whom I borrowed a book from. = Mary is the girl from whom I borrowed a book. 玛丽就是我向她借书的那个女孩。Is this the room that/which he once lived in? = Is this the room in which he once lived? 这是他曾经住过的房子吗?常见的有以下几种情况:1. where=in/on which 例:This is the room where / in which he lives.这是他住的房间。I can see the playground where / on which they do sports.我能看见他们进行运动的操场。2. when= on/in/at which 例:I still remember the year when/ in which I joined the Party.我仍然记得入党的那一年。I still remember the day when/on which I joined the Party. 我仍然记得入党的那一天。I still remember the hour when/at which the rocket was launched.我仍然记得那个火箭发射的时刻。3. why=for which 例:This is the reason why / for which he was killed.这是他被杀害的原因。但下列情况下介词不能提前:⑴用who代替whom,用that代替which时,介词不能提前。例:He's the boy who I learned English from.这是我向他学英语的男孩。This should be the place that Tom sent the parcel to. 这应是汤姆送包裹的地方。⑵当whom、which省去时介词不能提前。例:Is he the boy you went there with?他是和你一起去那儿的男孩吗? This is the room he lived in. 这是他住过的房间。⑶当whom, which作为含有介词的动词短语的宾语时,介词一般来说不能拆开提前。例:You're the very man whom I'm looking for. 你正是我在找的那个人。This is the program which he listened to. 这就是他听过的节目。再看下面几种结构:(一)介词+whose引导的定语从句whose引导定语从句时,可出现创新句型:介词+whose引导定语从句。解这种定语从句时需弄清从句的动词与先行词、whose后边的名词及定语从句主语之间的关系,并发挥合理想象,不难发现其中正确的逻辑关系。例:She is the girl to whose father I talked yesterday. 她就是昨天我和其父亲谈话的女孩。He is the boy for whose boss I work. 他就是我为其老板打工的男孩。(二)复杂介词+whom/which引导定语从句I stay at the hotel at the back of which is a small garden.我住在后面有一座花园的旅馆。(三)数词(不定量数词)/ 含所属关系名词+of whom/which引导定语从句。例:She has many books, only one of which is interesting. 她有许多书,只有一本是有趣的。四、明确when, where引导定语从句需特别注意的情况1. when引导定语从句需特别注意的情况(1)当先行词为time, time前面有序数词或last 加以修饰时,应用that而不用when引导定语从句。例:This is the first/last time that I shall give you a lesson. 这是我第一次/最后一次给你们上课。This is the third time that he has been to Beijing. 这是他第三次去北京。(2)当time前面没有序数词或last加以修饰时,既可用when又可用that引导定语从句。例:Can you tell me the exact time when/that the sports meeting will be held? 你告诉我运动会举行的确切时间吗?2.where引导定语从句需特别注意的情况当point, situation等词作先行词引导定语从句时表抽象的地点,若在定语从句中作地点状语,应由where引导定语从句。Can you think out a situation where this word can be used?你能设想出这个单词被使用的场合吗?Her illness has developed to the point where nobody can cure her. 她的病发展到没人能治的地步。
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