16个时态中，常用的有12个：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。其他时态很少单独使用.
1、一般现在时
通常以动词原形表示。主语为第三人称单数时，用现单三形式。
动词be和have(表示“拥有”)各人称的单数形式为：
第一人称单数 第二人称单数 第三人称单数
Have Have Have Has
Be Am Are is
一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
动词be 与 have（表示“拥有”）：否定式直接把not放在动词之后，疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前，见下表：
否定式 疑问式
Be Have Be Have
I am not (I’m not)… I have not (haven’t)… Am i…? Have i…?
You are not (aren’t)… You have not (haven’t)… Are you…? Have you…?
He is not (isn’t)… He has not (hasn’t)… Is he …? Has he …?
动词be 的否定疑问式和简单回答：
否定疑问式 肯定回答 否定回答
Am I not (aren’t i)…? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t
Are you not (aren’t you)…? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Is he not (isn’t he)…? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t
动词be 与 have(表示“拥有”)：否定式直接把not放在动词之后，疑问式直接把动词放在主语之前，见下表：
否定式 疑问式
Be Have Be Have
I am not (I’m not)… I have not (haven’t)… Am i…? Have I …?
You are not (aren’t)… You have not (haven’t)… Are you …? Have you…?
He is not (isn’t)… He has not (hasn’t)… Is he …? Has he …?
动词have(表示“拥有”) 的否定疑问式和简单回答：
否定疑问式 肯定回答 否定回答
Have I not (haven’t i)…? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
Have you not (haven’t you)…? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Has he not (hasn’t he)…? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
注意：have 作为行为动词则只能按照行为动词的规则变化。
行为动词（以study为例）一般现在时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答（注意要加助动词do/does）
否定式 疑问式
I do not (don’t) study Do I study
You do not (don’t) study Do you study
He does not (doesn’t) study Does he study
否定疑问句式 简单回答（肯定/否定）
Do I not (Don’t I) study…? Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Do you not (Don’t you) study…? Yes, you do. No, you don’t.
Does he not (Doesn’t he) study…? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.
2、现在进行时
由助动词be ＋ 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化，有三种形式：第一人称单数用am, 第三人称单数用is, 其他用are。
现在进行时的否定式是：直接在助动词be后面加上not；疑问式是：把助动词be提到主语之前。以study 为例：
否定式 疑问式
I am not studying Am I studying?
You are not studying, Are you studying?
He is not studying. Is he studying?
5、一般过去时
一般过去时通常由动词过去式表示。一般过去时的否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式要用助动词do 的过去式did, 同时注意实义动词要用原形。以study 为例，其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式 疑问式
I did not (didn’t) study…. Did I study…?
You did not (didn’t) study…. Did you study…?
He did not (didn’t) study…. Did he study…?
否定疑问式 简单回答 （肯定/否定）
Did I not (Didn’t I) study…? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t.
Di you not (Didn’t you) study…? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.
Did he not (Didn’t he) study…? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.
6、过去进行时
由助动词be 的过去式 ＋ 现在分词构成。其中be有人称和数的变化，第一、第三人称单数用was，其他用were.
1）过去进行时动词主要表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或持续进行的动作。过去进行时经常与过去时配合使用。例如：
This time yesterday, we were having an English lesson. 昨天这个时候，我们正在上英语课。
The teacher was giving us a lesson when Tom walked into the room. 老师在给我们上课时，汤姆走进教室。
While we were having supper, all the lights went out. 我们吃饭的时候，灯灭了。
He was reading while she was setting the table. 她摆桌子时，他在读书。
It was getting dark. The wind was rising. 天渐渐黑下来了。风势增强了。
2）过去进行时动词常用always, continually, frequently 等词连用，表示过去经常发生的行为。这种用法表明带有的感情色彩。例如：
The two brothers were frequently quarreling when they were young. 两兄弟小时候常吵架。
In Qing Dynasty, China was always making concessions to western powers. 清朝时，中国总是对西方列强妥协。
7、过去完成时
一律用had + 过去分词构成。
用法：
1）表示发生在过去某一时间或动作之前的事情，即“过去的过去”。用过去完成时，必须有一个过去的时间或动作来作参照，说明在此之前某事已发生。如果两个动作都是在过去发生的，先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的用一般过去时。例如：
She told me she had been there three times before. 她告诉我她以前到过那里三次。（“去过”发生在“告诉”之前）
How long had he taught here by the end of last term? 到上学期末为止，他在这里教学多长时间啦？ （“教学”发生在上学期末结束之前）
When we arrived, the football match had already begun. 我们到的时候，足球赛已经开始了。
She had visited China twice before she came this year. 她今年来中国之前已访问过中国两次了。
2）过去完成时动词可以表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或呈现的状态，这一动作一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去。例如：
By the middle of last month, I had lived in Beijing for five years. 到上月中旬，我已在北京住了五年了。
By six o’clock they had worked for eight hours. 到六点为止，他们已工作八小时了。
When I came to Shanghai, he had been there for a long time. 我到上海时，他在那里很长时间了。
3）过去完成时动词常用于间接引语和虚拟语气，我们以后会详细讲述。
4）此外，过去完成时常用于 no sooner…than… 和 hardly(scarcely) …when… 这两个句型，前面部分用过去完成时，后面部分用一般过去时。例如：
No sooner had he stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. = He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. 他刚偷到钱包就被当场抓获。
Saddam had hardly realized what was happening when he was captured. = Hardly had Saddam realized what was happening when he was captured. 萨达姆还没有意识到在发生什么事情就被抓获了。
8、过去完成进行时
had been + 动词的现在分词。
用法：表示一直持续到过去某个时间的行为动作，此行为动作或刚结束、或还没结束（可以从上下文看出）。这一时态经常与一般过去时一起使用。例如：
When he came in, I had been trying to repair the TV for a couple of hours. 他进来的时候，我一直在努力修理电视机好几个小时了
The roads were dangerous. It had been raining for two whole days. 道路很危险。雨一直下了两整天。
They were tired because they had been digging since dawn. 他们累了，因为从天亮开始他们就一直在挖。
The boy was delighted with the new mountain bike. He had been hoping for one for a long time. 那男孩得到一辆新山地自行车很高兴。很长时间来他一直希望有一辆。
9、一般将来时
一般将来时动词表示将来发生的动作或情况。主要有以下几种表现形式：
（1）shall/will + 动词原形
表示单纯的将来，不涉及主语的主观意愿。第一人称I, we用shall 或will，其余用will. 其否定式、疑问式和简单回答形式如下：
否定式 疑问式
I shall/will not study…. Shall I study…?
You will not study…. Will you study…?
He will not study…. Will he study…?
否定疑问式 简单回答（肯定/否定）
Shall I not (shan’t i) study…? Yes, you will. No, you won’t.
Will you not (Won’t you) study…? Yes, I shall/will. No, I shan’t/won’t.
Will he not (Won’t he) study….? Yes, he will. No, he won’t.
例如：
I shall be twenty years old next year. 我明年二十岁。
The sky is black. I think it will rain. 天黑下来了。我想可能会下雨。
You will meet him at the station this afternoon. 你下午会在车站碰到他。
The train will arrive soon. 火车快要到了。
When shall we see you next time? 我们下次什么时候能看见你呢？
He probably won’t go with us. 他大概不能和我们一起去。
注意：
1）shall, will的缩写形式为’ll, 如I’ll, you’ll, he’ll 和she’ll等。
2）will 用于第一人称时，可以表示将来的意愿、决心、允诺、命令等；shall用于第二、三人称时，可以表示说话人的将来的意愿。例如：
I will give you a new pen for your birthday. 我将送你一支新钢笔作为生日礼物。（允诺）
I will take the college entrance examination. 我将参加大学入学考试。（决心）
Shall I open the window? 我打开窗户好吗？（征求允诺）
You shall have the book as soon as I get it. 我一拿到书就给你。（说话人的允诺）
The enemy shall not pass. 决不让敌人通过。（说话人的保证）
I will do my best to help you. 我愿意尽力帮助你。（意愿）
Nobody shall be late for the meeting. 任何人开会都不能迟到。（说话人的命令）
（2）be going + 动词不定式
1）这种结构表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事。这种打算往往是事先考虑好的。例如：
My brother is going to learn English next year. 我哥哥准备明年学英语。
I am going to meet Tom at the station at six. 我六点钟要到火车站去接汤姆。
She is not going to be there. 她不会到那儿去的。
When are you going to finish your work? 你的工作什么时候做完？
He is going to stay a week. 他准备呆一星期。
We are going to call a meeting to discuss it. 我们准备开个会来讨论一下。
2）这种结构还可以表示说话人根据已有的迹象认为非常可能即将发生某事。例如：
Look at these black clouds？it is going to rain. 看这些乌云？要下雨了。
I think it is going to snow. 我看要下雪。
I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold. 恐怕我要得重感冒。
10、将来进行时
shall/will be + 现在分词
用法：将来进行时动词表示在将来某一段时间内将会发生的动作。
This time next week we shall be working in that factory. 下星期这时候，我们将在那个工厂劳动。
When I get up tomorrow morning, my mother will be getting breakfast for me. 当我明天早晨起床时，我妈妈将在为我准备早饭。
I will be seeing him next month. 我下个月将要见他。
Tomorrow we will be going to the village fair. 我们明天去赶集。
We will be taking our holiday at the seaside in July. 七月份我们要去海边度假。
一般将来时与将来进行时都表示将来，那么如何区别一般将来时和将来进行时呢？将来进行时不表示个人意愿，强调主观上感觉某事即将发生，并对这一事情有着期待，感情色彩较浓，强调动作。一般将来时主要是对某一事情即将发生做一个事实性的说明或陈述，强调事实或意愿。
11、过去将来时
（1）由should/would + 动词原形构成。第一人称用should; 第二、三人称用would。美国英语所有人称一律用would. should/would 的简略形式为’d, 如I’d, you’d; would not 和should not的简略形式分别为wouldn’t 和shouldn’t.
（2）过去将来时表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情，多用在宾语从句中。还可以表示过去的倾向或过去经常发生的事情。如：
They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon. 他们问我是否很快要去广州。
She told me she would come again next week. 她和我说她下周还来。
I told him to leave immediately, but he wouldn’t. 我告诉他马上离开，但他不。
He’d play the violin when he was in low spirits. 他情绪低落的时候，就拉小提琴。
When I was in college, I would find a part-time job during the summer holidays every year to earn my tuition. 我上大学的时候，每年暑假都找份临时工挣学费。
（3）其他表示过去将来时的结构：
12、将来完成时
shall/will + have + 过去分词
用法：将来完成时动词主要表示在将来的某一时刻或将来的某一时刻之前完成的动作，这一动作也可能继续进行。例如：
By seven o’clock this afternoon we shall have got to Shanghai if the train keeps good line. 如果火车运行正常，我们今天下午七点就到上海了。
Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have completed his work. 到上床睡觉的时候，小明会做完他的工作（或作业）。
By February next year this foreign expert will have been here on this job for five years. 到明年二月，这个外国专家在这儿做这项工作就满五年了。
By Sept. 2008 Beijing will have held/hosted the Olympic Games. 到2008年9月，北京将举行完了奥运会。
时态
名称
结构
常连用的词
主要用法
例句
一般现在时
1 由be的is am are表示，之后接名词，形容词或介词。
every…,
sometimes,
always,never,
often, usually等。
一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的习惯性的动作或状态，或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态
陈述句：I am an office worker.
He is so lazy. They are at home now.
否定句： I am not Tim.
She is not very beauiful.
They are not in the office.
一般疑问句：Are you an office assistant? Is she beautiful?
2 由实意动词V构成，引导疑问句和否定句，用do或don’t。第三人称时用does或doesn’t,有does出现动词用原形；第三人称陈述句V后加s或es.
陈述句：I work in Shanghai.
He works at home.
Davy never watches TV at home.
否定句: I don’t like the food in KFC.
Davy doesn’t like the food in KFC either.
一般疑问句:
Do you want a cup of coffee? Does she live near the subway station?
一般过去时。
1由 be的过去式是 was或 were表示。Is\ am---was;are---were.
yesterday,
last week,
an hour ago，
the day before yesterday,
in 1997。
在过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
陈述句：I was a big boss.He was beautiful.
We were in Beijing last year.
否定句: I was not at home at that moment.
We were not at work yesterday.
一般疑问句: Were you a teacher?
Was she in the office last week?
2由V的过去式构成陈述句，疑问句和否定句用借助于did,有did出现动词用原形。
陈述句：I worked in Sunmoon.
We studied English there. He lived in HongKong.
否定句: I didn’t work here.
They didn’t see me. She liked English a lot.
一般疑问句: Did you go to America?
Did he work in Sunmoon?
时态
名称
结构
常连用的词
主要用法
例句
一般将来时
1 任何人称+will+动词原形.
tomorrow,
next year,
the month after next,
in two hours.
即将发生动作或状态。
陈述句：I will fly to KongKong tomorrow.
He will go with us.
We will arrive in Shanghai next week.
否定句:I will never believe you again.
He will not come tonight.
We will not buy a car next year.
一般疑问句:Will you go there by train?
Will he come tomorrow?
Will they live a five-star hotel?
2 is/am/are+going to+V原形，表示计划打算做什么事情。
陈述句：I’m going to go to Kongkong by air.
否定句:We are not going to buy a house here.
一般疑问句:Are they going to change their jobs?
特殊疑问句:How are you going to tell him?
过去将来时
was/were going to +V原形
在过去将会发生的动作。
陈述句：I was going to buy a computer.
They told me that they were not going to go abroad.
否定句:I was not going to buy a computer.
任何人称+would +V原形
He said he would come in in Shanghai.
I said I would buy you a car one day.
时态
名称
结构
常连用的词
主要用法
例句
现在进行时
is/am/are+Ving
now,
at the（this）moment
Look!(放在句首)
Listen! (放在句首)
表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
陈述句：I’m waiting for my boy friend.
He is doing the housework at home now.
We are enjoying ourselves.
否定句:He is not playing toys.
一般疑问句:Are you having dinner at home?
Is Tim cooking in the kitchen?
特殊疑问句:What are you doing now?
Where are they having a meal?
过去进行时
was/were+Ving
at that time
at 10 o’clock last night
at that moment等过去具体的时间
过去一段时间正在发生的动作。
陈述句：I was doing my homework at that time.
We were having a party while he was sleeping.
否定句:He was not sleeping at 11 o’clock last night.
一般疑问句: Were you watching TV at that time?
特殊疑问句: What were you doing at that moment?
时态
名称
结构
常连用的词
主要用法
例句
现在完成时
have/has +done（过去分词）
already；
just(not just now)
yet；ever；never；
for two weeks；
for a year；
for several days；
since 2004
since last week
用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。简单的说，就是动作已经发生对现在造成明显的影响。
陈述句：I have already told Davy. Davy has known this matter.
He has lived here for nearly 10 years.
否定句:I haven’t finished my homework..
Tim hasn’t come yet.
We haven’t heard any news about him
一般疑问句: Has he worked here since he came here?
特殊疑问句: How long have you worked in this company?
特别注意：
1. have/has always been+名词/形容词/介词：总是或一直是什么样子。。。
He has always been a good father. I have always been busy.
They have always been in America.
2. have/has gone to:去了。。。
He has gone to Beijing.
They have gone to the cinema.
3. have/has been to:表示去过或到过。。。
I have been to Canada. Have you been to Hongkong?
Where have you been? I have never been here.
过去完成时
had + done（过去分词）
by the end of last year
by last year
动作发生在过去的过去。
陈述句：He said he had told Davy.
They told us they had finished the work.
He left the office after he had called Davy.
否定句:She hadn’t had dinner before she went out.
一般疑问句:Had she learnt English before she moved here?
特殊疑问句:how many English words had he learnt by the end of last year?
补充：
一、情态动词can, must, may。may没有否定形式。
陈述句: I can drive a car. He must tell the truth. We may get there on foot.
否定句：I can’t swim at all. You mustn’t（表示禁止） smoke in the office.
一般疑问句: Can you wait a minute? Must I stay at home? May I use your phone?
特殊疑问句： How can I get there? What must I do now?
由情态动词的过去式构成，can—could.
She could walk when she was one year old.
I could not speak English one year ago.
二、各种时态用法补充：
1、一般现在时
(1)在由after, until, befor, once, when, even if ,in case, as long as, as soon as, the moment以及if, unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。
例：I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
我一看见他，就把消息告诉他。
(2)某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be, go, come, start, depart, arrive, begin, leave等。
(3)在由why, what, where, whoever, who, that,as等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时。
例：Tomorrow at this time we’ll give $500 to any one who brings him to justice.
2、一般将来时
(1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或即将发生的事情。
例：I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.
(2)be to +v表示计划安排将要做的事。
例：There is to be a rail strike on July 18th.
(3)be about to+v表示即将发生的事情。
例：We are about to start.
(4)be due to+v表示预先确定了的、必定要发生的事。
例：His book is due to be published in October.
他的书预定10月份出版。
(5)be on the point/verge of +(v-ing)sth.强调即将发生的某种事态。
例：The country is on the verge of civil war.
这个国家就要打内战了。
3、现在进行时
(1)表示现阶段经常发生的动作，常与always, continually, constantly等连用(多表示赞扬或厌恶等语气)。
例：John is always coming late. 约翰总是迟到。
(2)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词，即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有;go, come, leave, start, arrive,return等。
例：They are leaving for Hongkong next monty.
他们下个月去香港。
(3)有些动词一般不能使用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉”、“感情”、“存在”、“从属”等的动词。如：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, look, appear(表示感觉的动词)；hate, love, fear, like, want, wish, prefer, refuse, forgive(表示感情的动词)；be, exist, remain, stay, obtain(表示存在状态的动词)；have, possess, own, contain, belong, consist of , form(表示占有与从属的动词)；understand, know, belive, think, doubt, forget, remember(表示思考、理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变，有时也可使用进行时态。
例：Jane looks pale.What’s wrong with him?
珍妮看上去脸色苍白，她怎么了？(look在此为联系动词)
例：Jane is looking for his books.
珍妮正在寻找她的书。(look在此为实义动词)
4．完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时的强调形式。
5．完成时态
(1)现在完成时与与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时强调过去发生的动作与现在的关系，如所发生的结果、影响等；而一般过去时只表示动作发生在过去表示某一时刻，不表示与现在的关系。
(2)完成时态可用在下列结构中：
This(That,it)is(was )the first(second….)time+定语从句：
This(That,It)is(was) the only (last)+名词+定语从句；This (This,It)is (was)+形容词最高级+名词+定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般将来时，从句的谓语动词动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句的谓语动词通常用过去完成时。
例1：This is the first time(that )I’ve drunk Californian champagne.
这是我第一次喝加利福尼亚香槟酒。
例2：There was a knock at the door.It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
有人敲门，这是当天晚上第二次有人打扰我了。
6.动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望，预期，意图或愿望等没有实现。
例1：I had meant to leave to on Monday, but have stayed on.
我本来打算星期一离开，但最终还是继续留下来了。
另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：
7.was / were+ to have done sth.
例1：We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
我们本想昨天来的，但我们来不了。
8.intended (expected, hoped, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired)+ to have done sth.
例：1I mean to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
我本想告诉你这件事，但我忘掉了。
9.过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：
(1)hardly / scarcely / barely+过去完成时(倒装形式)+when +过去时
例1：Hardly had I arrived when I had a new problem to cope with.
我一到达就有新问题要处理。
(2) no sooner+过去完成时(倒装形式)+than +过去时。
例1：No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent.
这话刚说出口，他就意识到他本该保持沉默的。
(3)by(the end of )+过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。
例1：By the end of that year Henry had collected more than a thousand foreign stamps.
到那年年底，亨利已收集了一千多张外国邮票