æè¦ï¼éçç¥è¯ç»æµçåå±ï¼ææ¯æ为ä¼ä¸çæ ¸å¿ç«äºåï¼ç¥è¯äº§åç使ç¨è®¸å¯åè®®å å
¶ç¬å çç¹å¾èå¯è½æ为æ害ç«äºçå¨èãå æ¤ï¼å¸æ³å®è·µä¸åºç°äºé对ææ¯ææè
çååæè¯è®¼ãæ¬æä»ååææ³åç¥è¯äº§ææ³çå©çå²çªå
¥æï¼åæäºä¸¤è
çç«æ³å®æ¨åå
¶å
±ååè°åå±ç平衡ååã
å
³é®åï¼ååææ³ï¼ç¥è¯äº§ææ³ï¼å©çå²çªï¼å¹³è¡¡åå
ä¸ã微软å
¬å¸æ¡ä»¶
1 ãå
³äºWindows ç³»ç»çååæè¯è®¼
ç¾å½å¾®è½¯å
¬å¸ç åçWindows æä½ç³»ç»å¨å
¨çå¸åºå 90ï¼
以ä¸ç份é¢ã1998å¹´5 æ18æ¥ï¼ç¾å½èé¦æ¿åºå¸æ³é¨ä¸20个å·çæ»æ£å¯å®å¯¹å¾®è½¯æåºååæè¯è®¼ï¼æ§å微软滥ç¨å
¶å¸åºæ¯é
å°ä½ï¼å¦¨ç¢å
¶ä»è½¯ä»¶åä¸å
¶è¿è¡æ£å½ç«äºã2000å¹´4 æ3 æ¥ï¼å¥ä¼¦æ¯äºç¹åºå°æ¹æ³é¢ååºå¤å³ã认å®å¾®è½¯éè¿æç»éå®ï¼å°IEæµè§å¨å¼ºå ç»ç¨æ·ï¼å¨Windows æä½ç³»ç»ä¸å®è£
äºæºä»£ç ï¼ææ¥äºç«äºå¯¹æã[1]
2 ã第ä¸å±æ¡æ¬¾çäºè®º
â第ä¸å±æ¡æ¬¾âï¼the first screen provisionï¼æ¯å¾®è½¯å
¬å¸åçµè设å¤ç产åï¼Original Equipment Manufacturersï¼å¨è®¸å¯ååä¸è§å®ï¼è¦æ±å·²ç»å®è£
Windows æä½ç³»ç»çç¨æ·æåå¯å¨è®¡ç®æºæ¶ï¼å±å¹ä¸å¿
é¡»æ¾ç¤ºå
³äºWindows ç»ä¸ç¹å¾çï¼å¦å¾æ ãå¾æ ç设计é£æ ¼å尺寸çï¼ç»é¢ãåå称微软éè¿â第ä¸å±æ¡æ¬¾â滥ç¨äºå
¶å¯¹Windows æä½ç³»ç»è½¯ä»¶çç¬å æå©èæ害äºè®¾å¤ç产åãæ¶è´¹è
ãå
¶å®è½¯ä»¶ç产è
çå©çã[2]
å¨è¿ä¸¤ä¸ªä¸åçæ¡ä»¶ä¸ï¼ä½ä¸ºååçç产è
åæ¶è´¹è
ï¼é½è®¤ä¸ºå¾®è½¯å
¬å¸æ»¥ç¨äºWindows ç³»ç»å¨è®¡ç®æºæä½ç³»ç»å¸åºçä¼å¿å°ä½ï¼æ害äºå
¶ä»ç«äºå¯¹æåæ´ä¸ªå¸åºçé¿è¿å©çãè微软å
¬å¸ååæèªå·±çæå©åç¥è¯äº§æçåæ³ä¿æ¤ãè¿åæ äºååææ³åç¥è¯äº§æç¬å æ§è¿ä¸¤ç§æ³å¾ä»·å¼çå²çªï¼æ¯å¦æä¸ä¸ªæ´å¥½ç平衡æ¹æ³å¢ï¼ä¹å°±æ¯è¯´ï¼å¨ååæçè§éä¸ï¼å¦ä½è½å¤ä½ç°ç¥è¯äº§æçä»·å¼ä¿æ¤ï¼
äºãååææ³åç¥è¯äº§æçå©çå²çª
1 ãç¥è¯äº§æçç«æ³å®æ¨- ç»æå©äººä»¥å
åä¿æ¤
ç¥è¯äº§æçç¹ç¹å¯ä»¥æ¦æ¬ä¸ºæ å½¢æ§ãä¸ææ§ãå°åæ§ãå®è·µæ§ãå¯å¤å¶æ§äºä¸ªæ¹é¢ã以æ¬æå
³æ³¨çè§åº¦æ¥çï¼å¯¹å¸åºç«äºææå½±åçå°±æ¯å
¶ä¸ææ§ãâä¸ææ§æ示çæ¯ç¥è¯äº§æä½ä¸ºä¸ç§ç»å¯¹æåæ¯é
ææå
·æçåææ§ææä»æ§ãâ[3]
就微软æ¡ä»¶æ¥è¯´ï¼å 为ç¥è¯äº§æçä¸ææ§ï¼çæçææè
微软å
¬å¸å°±æ¥æäºå¯¹Windows æä½ç³»ç»ä½¿ç¨çç¬å æ§çæå©ï¼è¿æ¯ä»æå©çæ¥æºè¯´ãå¨æå©çè¡ä½¿æ¹é¢ï¼ç±äºç¥è¯äº§æ以æ¨å¨ç¤¾ä¼è¿æ¥çææ¯ææ为ä¿æ¤å¯¹è±¡ï¼å æ¤ï¼å¤§é¨åçæå©äººä¼éè¿ä½¿ç¨è®¸å¯åè®®æ¥ä½¿å
¶ææ社ä¼åã[4] å¨è¿ç§ææ¯å©çæ大åè¦æ±ç驱使ä¸ï¼æ³å¾èµäºæå©ææè
以ç¹æï¼å³éè¿åæ³äº¤ææ为ç¬å è
ãè¿ç§âç¬å æ§æå©â
çè¡ä½¿æè·å¾çä»·æ ¼åååä¸å¨å
满ç«äºçå¸åºæ¡ä»¶ä¸çè·å¾æ¯ä¸åçãç¥è¯äº§åä¸æ¦è¢«ç¥è¯äº§æå¶åº¦æä¿æ¤ï¼å°±æå³çæé¤ä»äººåæ ·çè¡ä¸ºãå æ¤ï¼ç¥è¯äº§ææç»ä¸âééè¿ç«äºèè·åçç¬å âå°ä½è系起æ¥ã[5]
æ以ï¼ç¥è¯äº§æçç¬å æ§å¯è½ä¼è¢«æå©äººæ»¥ç¨ï¼è¿èç ´åææ¯çä¼ æååæ°ã
ä¾å¦ï¼å©ç¨ç¥è¯äº§æå½¢æç»æµèåï¼éå¶å
¶ä»ç«äºè
çè¿å
¥ï¼è·åææ¯å¸åºä¸çä¼å¿å°ä½ï¼æè
å¨è®¸å¯ä½¿ç¨ååä¸ä¸åçç对被许å¯äººæ¼«å¤©è¦ä»·ï¼å¯¹å°æååä¹åçææ¯ä½¿ç¨è¿è¡éå¶æè
éè¿ç´¢åé«ä»·æ¥åç¸å»¶é¿ååçæéâ¦â¦è¿äºè¡ä¸ºæ çå·²ç»å离äºç¥è¯äº§ææ¨å¨ç¤¾ä¼è¿æ¥çæ¬æï¼ä¹æ£å 为è¿æ ·ï¼å¤äºç¸å¯¹æ¹çå
¶ä»ç«äºè
åªå¾åå©ååææ³æ¥ç»´æ¤èªå·±çå©çã
2 ãååææ³çç«æ³å®æ¨- ä¿æ¤å¸åºç«äºç»æç稳å®
å¨å¸åºç»æµä½å¶ä¸ï¼æ为éè¦çæºå¶å°±æ¯ç«äºæºå¶ï¼ä¸æ¦ç«äºæºå¶è¢«ææ²ï¼å¸åºå°±ä¸è½æ£å¸¸åæ¥ä½ç¨ï¼å¸åºç§©åºåå¸åºç»æå°±ä¼éå°ç ´åãæºäºèªç±ç«äºçåæå°±æ¯ææ²ç«äºæºå¶çéè¦åéãä½æ¯ï¼å¸åºæºå¶æ¬èº«å¹¶ä¸å
·æç»´æ¤å
¬å¹³ç«äºçåè½ï¼å æ¤ï¼éè¦å»ºç«ä¿æ¤ç«äºæºå¶çæ³å¾å¶åº¦ä½ç³»ãå¶å®ååææ³çç®çå°±æ¯ä¸ºäºç»´æ¤åä¿è¿äº¤æå
¬å¹³ï¼ä»¥å®ç°å
åãææçç«äºã
对äºå»ºç«ææç«äºçå¸åºç»ææ¥è¯´ï¼ååææ³å对åæï¼å对éå¶ç«äºï¼å对滥ç¨å¸åºä¼å¿å°ä½ï¼ç»´æ¤ç«äºæ§çå¸åºç»æã[6] å¨æ³å¾å±é¢ä¸ï¼åææ¯è¡ä¸ºåç¶æçè§å®æ§ãåæé¦å
æ¯ä¸ç§è¡ä¸ºçè§å®æ§ï¼ååææ³å
³æ³¨çæ¯å¸åºä¸»ä½çè¡ä¸ºï¼åªè¦è¯¥è¡ä¸ºçç®çæ¯éå¶ç«äºï¼é½å°åå°æ³å¾å¶è£ãåæä¹æ¯ä¸ç§ç¶æçè§å®æ§ï¼å®å
³æ³¨å¸åºçéä¸åº¦ï¼åæç¶æå®è´¨ä¸æ¯å¸åºå·²è¾¾å°æè¶
è¿æ³å¾æçå®çä¼ä¸éä¸åº¦çä¸éãå æ¤ï¼å³ä½¿æ²¡æææ¾çåæè¡ä¸ºï¼æ¿åºæå
³é¨é¨ä¹å¯ä»¥éåæ³å¾è¡å¨ï¼ååæè¡ä¸ºä¸ºç«äºç¶æï¼åæç¶ææ¬èº«æ为å½å®¶å¼ºå¶åçä»å
¥ç¹ã
[7]
æ 论æ¯å¨åå±ä¸å½å®¶ï¼è¿æ¯åè¾¾å½å®¶ï¼ååææ³çâ社ä¼æ¬ä½â使å®æ为å¸åºç»æµå½å®¶çâç»æµå®ªæ³âï¼æ¿æ
èµ·ç»´æ¤å¸åºç»æµç§©åºçéä»»ãè½ç¶å¤§å¤æ°æ
åµååææ³åå
¶ç¸å
³æ¿çæ¯éè¿å½å®¶å
¬æåå®ç°ï¼ä½ååææ³èªèº«å´æ¯ä»¥èªç±ç«äºçæä½³ç¶æ为å®ç°ç®æ ãå æ¤ï¼å¸åºç»æµç¦»ä¸å¼ååææ³ã
3 ãååææ³åç¥è¯äº§ææ³çå©çå²çª
ååææ³åç¥è¯äº§ææ³çå©çå²çªä¸»è¦éä¸å¨ä»¥ä¸å 个é®é¢ï¼ä¸ãç«äºæ¿çå
³æ³¨çææçåé
æé¿ææççç¨åº¦ãå¦æå
³æ³¨çæå©çï¼åä¼å¯¹ç¥è¯äº§ææå©äººçè¡ä¸ºè¾ä¸ºå®½å®¹ï¼èå¦ææ¯æ³¨éé¿è¿åå±åä¼è¾ä¸ºä¸¥æ ¼çéå¶å
¶æå©çè¡ä½¿ï¼
äºãå¸åºæ¯é
å°ä½æ¯å¦æ¯å 为ç¥è¯äº§æèåå¾ãå¦æåçæ¯è¯å®çï¼é£ä¹ç¥è¯äº§ææå©å¿
ç¶åå°ååææ³çè§èï¼ä¸ãç¥è¯äº§æèªèº«çç»æµç¹æ§ï¼è¾¹é
ææ¬å¾ä½å¹¶å®¹æ被çç¨ï¼ãè¿ä¸ç¹è¯´æå¨ç¨ååææ³æ¥åæ许å¯åè®®æ¡æ¬¾æ¶ï¼ä¹è¦æ³¨ææå©äººè¡ä½¿æå©çåçæ§ï¼åã许å¯åè®®æ¯å¦åºè¯¥è¢«è®¤å®ä¸ºæ¨ªåæ纵åéå¶ç«äºçåè®®ã[8]
å¨æ¬æå举ç两类æå
³å¾®è½¯å
¬å¸çæ¡ä»¶ä¸ï¼ååæ ä¸ä¾å¤ç认为微软å
¬å¸åå©å¯¹Windows æä½ç³»ç»è®¸å¯ä½¿ç¨æçç¬å ï¼ç ´åäºä»ä»¬çâç«äºæâï¼å æ¤ï¼åºè¯¥ç±ååææ³å¯¹å¾®è½¯çè¡ä¸ºå 以å¶è£ãå
¶ä¸æ主è¦é®é¢æ¯ï¼å¯¹äºç¥è¯äº§ææ³ç¹å«æ¯çææ³ä¸æä¸ºæ ¸å¿çåä¸æ§ä¸º- 许å¯ä»äººä½¿ç¨è¢«ä¿æ¤çä½å究ç«åºè¯¥éç¨ææ ·çæ³å¾ååãè¯ç¶ï¼å¨ææ¯å·²ç»æ为å¸åºç«äºåæ ¸å¿å ç´ çä»å¤©ï¼ç¥è¯äº§åææ人ç¬å æçä¿æ¤èå´å·²ç»è¶æ¥è¶åå°ååææ³çå
³æ³¨ãå¦æå¨å¥çº¦èªç±çç念ä¸ï¼å®å
¨ä¿æ¤ä¸ªäººçç¥è¯äº§æï¼å°±ä¼æ´å¤çâ微软âæ¡ä»¶åçãèå¦æç¨ååæçå©ååå¼ç¥è¯äº§æçâç¬å æ§âï¼å¯¹äºææ¯ææ人æ¥è¯´ï¼å°±æ çé·å
¥äºä¸ç§âæ æ³å¯ä¾âçå±æºæï¼çè³ä¸§å¤±ææ¯åæ°ç积ææ§ï¼å¯¼è´å é社ä¼åå±ææ¬ãç®èè¨ä¹ï¼ä¸ä¸ªæ¯å对ç¬å èå¦ä¸ä¸ªæ¯æäºç¬å ã[9] 对äºè¿æ ·çé®é¢ï¼å¸æ³å®è·µååºäºä¸åçåçï¼ç论ä¸ä¹æ²¡æå®è®ºã
ä¸ãå¦ä½å®ç°ååææ³åç¥è¯äº§ææ³çåè°åå±
1 ãååææ³çåçåå
ååææ³çæä¹å¨äºå¡é ä¸ä¸ªè¯å¥½çå¸åºç»æï¼ä½¿ç«äºä¸»ä½å¯ä»¥å±å¼å
¬å¹³ç«äºï¼ä»èæé«ç»æµåå±æ°´å¹³ãåºäºå¯¹å
Œ
±å©ççå°éï¼å®åç°åºçµæ´»æ§ï¼ä¸åæ¶æ对åä¸æ§è´¨çè¡ä¸ºæ度ä¸åï¼è¿æ¯ä¸å½ä¹å
ï¼èå¨ç«äºæ¿ççå½é
å¸åºä¸ï¼ä¿æ¤æ¬å½çç¥è¯äº§æä¹å°±æ¯ä¿æ¤æ¬å½çåä¸å©çï¼è¿æ¶ååææ³åä¼æ¯æç¥è¯äº§åçç¬å æ§ãæ»ä¹ï¼ååææ³èåçæ åå°±æ¯ç»æµåå±éè¦ï¼ä»å½å
å¸åºæ¥è¯´ï¼æ¯æ¶è´¹è
å©çåå
Œ
±å©çï¼å¨ä¸çèå´å
ï¼å°±æ¯å¨åå¹³åå±çåºç¡ä¸å®ç°æ¬å½å©ççæ大åãå æ¤ï¼é¢å¯¹å½¢å½¢è²è²çç«äºè¡ä¸ºï¼ä¸çåå½çç«æ³åå¸æ³å®è·µåºæ¬é½ç¡®ç«äºâåçååâã[10]æ ¹æ®åçååï¼ååææ³å¹¶ä¸æ¯ç¦æ¢ææçç»æµèåï¼ç¦æ¢çåªæ¯é£äºè½å¤äº§çæè
å 强å¸åºæ¯é
å°ä½çä¼ä¸å并ãå æ¤ï¼å°åçååä½ä¸ºååææ³çåºæ¬ååï¼å¯ä»¥ä½¿ååææ³æ´å¥½å°éåºå¤æçç»æµæ
åµï¼é¿å
æºæ¢°çæ§æ³å¯è½å¯¹æ£å¸¸ç»æµæ´»å¨é æçæ¶æå½±åã[11]
å¨ç¥è¯äº§æçååæè§èä¸ï¼âåçååâä¹åæ ·éç¨ãå æ¤ï¼æå 个åºæ¬çååä¸å®¹å¿½è§ï¼é¦å
ï¼ä¸è½è®¤ä¸ºæ¯ç¥è¯äº§æ导è´äºå¸åºæ¯é
å°ä½ï¼åææºäºç«äºå¶åº¦èéç¥è¯äº§æå¶åº¦ã社ä¼çè¿æ¥ååæ°æ¯ç¥è¯äº§æçæ¬æï¼æ以ï¼å¹¶éç¥è¯äº§æçæ¯ä¸ç§å¶åº¦é½è¦éç¨ååææ³ãå
¶æ¬¡ï¼ç«äºæ¿çåºæ¿è®¤ç¥è¯äº§ææ³ä½ç³»ä¸è®¤å¯çæå©ï¼åªæè¿æ ·ï¼æå¯ä»¥ä¿æ¤ææ¯åæ°è
ççæ
ãæåï¼å°½ç®¡åå¨ä¸äºéå¶ç«äºçåè®®ï¼ä½å¦æè¿ç§åè®®æ¯æ²¡æåè®®æ´è½ä¿è¿ç«äºï¼åå®ä¹æ¯å¯ä»¥å®¹å¿çï¼å¨æ²¡æ许å¯åè®®çæ
åµä¸ï¼å¾å¯è½å 为没æä»»ä½è§å®è导è´æççæ··ä¹±ï¼èä¸æ²¡æ许å¯åè®®è¿ç§æ¨å¹¿æ¹å¼ï¼ææ¯ææç社ä¼åä¹å°±æ为空è°äºã[12]è¿ä¸ä¸ªåå表æå¨å¤çæ¤ç±»é®é¢æ¶ï¼æ¿è®¤ç¥è¯äº§æçåºæ¬è°æ´æ¯åºç¡ï¼è¿èåä¸ååææ³è¡æ¥ã
2 ãç¥è¯äº§ææ³çå©ç平衡è§
ä»ä¸æç论述å¯ä»¥çåºï¼å 为ç¥è¯äº§æçç¬å æ§é®é¢å·²ç»è¶æ¥è¶å¼èµ·æ³å¾ççå
³æ³¨ãå®è·µä¸ï¼ç¹å«æ¯å¨æå½å å
¥WTO ä¹åï¼å´ç»ç¥è¯äº§æçè¯è®¼ä¸æå¢å¤ï¼å¨å
¨çè´¸æä¸ä½åçä»å¤©ï¼ç¥è¯äº§æåå½å
å½é
ç»æµåå±ç¸å
³èæ¯æ³å¦ç 究æ æ³åé¿çé®é¢ãç¹å«æ¯å¨ææ¯è®¸å¯ä¸ï¼éçä¸å©ç³è¯·æ°éçå¢å¤åä¿æ¤èå´æ©å¤§ï¼è®¸å¤ä¼ä¸åç 究æºæé·å
¥ä¸ç§å°´å°¬å¤å¢ï¼æ¬æ¥å¯ä»¥èªç±ä½¿ç¨çææ¯è½å
¥ä»äººçä¸å©ä¿æ¤èå´ï¼æ为è¿ä¸æ¥å¼åç 究åç产ç»è¥çéç¢ãçè³é¼å±åæ°çä¸å©å¶åº¦æ为æäºäººæ¶æ设置âè¯è®¼é·é±âçå·¥å
·ï¼é»ç¢äºç»æµçè¿ä¸æ¥åå±ãä¾å¦ä¸å°DVD ï¼ä»é¨ä»¶å°é¶ä»¶ï¼å
¶ææä¸å©è¾¾1500件ä¹å¤ãæå½çç产åè¦æ³é¡ºå©çå°äº§åæå
¥å½é
å¸åºï¼é¦å
è¦è·å¾å¤å½ä¸å©æ人ç许å¯ï¼å¹¶è¦æ¯ä»ç¸å½çè´¹ç¨ã
é¢å¯¹è¿æ ·çæ
åµï¼ä¸çåå½éæ¸è®¤è¯å°å¿
é¡»æ¬çæ¢æå©äºåºæ¿ç¥è¯äº§åçåé åæå©äºç¥è¯äº§å被å
¬ä¼æ¥è¿ãå©ç¨çååååºå
·ä½çå¶åº¦å®æã平衡ç¥è¯äº§æ人çç§æå©çä¸å
Œ
±å©çæ¯ç¥è¯äº§ææ³å¾å¶åº¦çåºç³ã[13]å æ¤ï¼å¨ç¥è¯äº§æèªèº«çä½ç³»ä¸ï¼æå¾å¤é对æ§çè§å®æ¥åè°å
Œ
±å©çãå¦èä½ææ³ä¸çåç使ç¨ï¼ä¸å©æä¸ç强å¶è®¸å¯ãæéè¦çæ¯ï¼ç¥è¯è´¢äº§çä¿æ¤æ¯ææéçï¼ä¸æ¦å°æï¼äº§åè¿å
¥å
¬æé¢åï¼å°±æ为å
¨äººç±»çå
±åè´¢å¯ãæ以ï¼ä»æ ¹æ¬ä¸æ¥è¯´ï¼ç¥è¯äº§æåååææ³é½çç¼äºç¤¾ä¼çé¿è¿åå±ã
3 ã平衡åå- åè°ç¥è¯äº§æåååææ³çåºæ¬åå
è½ç¶ä»æå½ç®åçæ¥ï¼æç¥è¯äº§æé¢åçé®é¢çº³å
¥ååæçæ¡ä»¶å¹¶ä¸å¤ï¼ç¸å
³å¸æ³å®è·µä¹æ²¡æç»ä¸æ åï¼ä½å
¶å®äºè
çå²çªä¸»è¦éä¸å¨ä¸¤ä¸ªæ¹é¢ãé¦å
ç¥è¯äº§æçè¿åº¦ä¿æ¤ä¼å¼èµ·ç«äºç失衡è¿è被ååææ³æä¸å®¹ï¼å
¶æ¬¡ï¼ååææ³äºæ å·¨ç»çåå审æ¥åä¼ç ´åç«äºä¸»ä½ææèªæ²»ååæ°ç§¯ææ§ãæ以ï¼è¦å¯»æ¾ä¸ä¸ªæ°å½çæ åï¼å°±æ¯ä»¥ç«äºå©çæ大åæ¥è¿è¡ä¸ªæ¡åæï¼å¨åååæ¹å社ä¼å
Œ
±å©çä¹é´å¯»æ¾å°å¹³è¡¡ç¹ãç¬è
认为è¿ä¸æ å并éå¯ä»¥éè¿æ³å¾æç¡®å
·ä½çè§å®æ¥ç¡®ç«ï¼èåºæ¬è¦ä¾é å¸åºä¸»ä½çèªæè¯ä»·åæ³å®ç个æ¡è®¤å®ã
第ä¸ï¼é¦å
æç¡®ç¥è¯äº§åç管çæ´å¤éè¦ç±ååæ³åç¥è¯äº§ææ³æ¥è§èï¼ä»¥ä¿è¯ä¸ªäººæå¿å社ä¼åæ°ãâ许å¯ä½¿ç¨åºè¯¥ä½¿çæææè
è·çï¼è¿æ¯è®¾è®¡çææ³åååæ³çé¨ååå ãå¨å¸åºä¸çæå并ä¸è½å¥å¤ºä¸ä¸ªå
¬å¸éè¿çææ³åååæ³çè·çãâ[14]å æ¤ï¼ååæ并ä¸æ¯å对大ä¼ä¸ã大ä¼ä¸ç±äºåæ°åææ¯è¿æ¥å½¢æçåæä¸æ¯çæ£çåæï¼åä¸å©æ¶¦ä¸å
å«çåæçå©å¯ä»¥çä½æ¯æåè
çå¥éã
è¿ç§å
·æâææ¯æä¹ä¸çåæâçä¼ä¸ç±äºä¸æ¹é¢è¦ååæææ¯å产åçä¼ä¸ç«äºï¼å¦ä¸æ¹é¢åå°æ½å¨ç«äºçå¨èï¼å æ¤å®é
ä¸ä»å¤äºç«äºä¹ä¸ã[15]
è¿æ®µè¯è¯´æï¼åæå°ä½çå½¢æ并ä¸ä¸å®æ¯æ¶é¤ç«äºï¼åæè
为äºç»´æ¤èªå·±çå°ä½ï¼å°±è¦æ´å åªåçæ¹è¿ææ¯éä½ææ¬ãå¦ææ¯è¿ç§æ
åµï¼é£ä¹ï¼æ¶è´¹è
å°ä¼æç»åçãè¿ä¸ç¹ä»ITè¡ä¸çåå±å°±å¯ä»¥å¾å°è¯æã
å¦å¤ï¼ååæ³çè§åº¦æ¥çï¼ååææ³æ¯å¯¹åæ¹å½äºäººææ表示çä¸ç§ç«æ£ã
è¿ç§ç«æ£åºè¯¥æ¯åçå¨ææ¾ä¸å
¬å¹³çæ
åµï¼ä¾å¦ä¸æ¹å©ç¨å
¶ä¼å¿å°ä½å¼ºå ç»å¦ä¸æ¹ä¸åççä¹å¡æä»·æ ¼ï¼å¯¼è´â强è
æ´å¼ºï¼å¼±è
æ´å¼±âï¼è¶
åºäºæ£å¸¸ç«äºå¯ä»¥æ¥åççéï¼è¿ææ¯ååææ³åæ¥ä½ç¨ç空é´ãå¨å¾®è½¯ä¸çµè设å¤ç产åçâ第ä¸å±âæ¡æ¬¾ä¸ï¼å¾®è½¯å
¬å¸å¹¶æ²¡æ对â第ä¸å±âçç»é¢è®¾ç½®åæ¾ç¤ºååºè¿åä¸åçç约æï¼ä¹æ²¡æéå¶å¶é åãæ¶è´¹è
对â第ä¸å±âä¹åç»é¢éæ°è®¾è®¡ãæ£å¦COPYRIGHT ï¼LICENSING ï¼ AND THEâFIRST SCREENâä¸æä¸ä½è
çè§ç¹ï¼å¨ååèªæ²»çååä¸ï¼è®¸å¯åè®®ä¸å¯è½ä»
ä»
ä¿æ¤è®¸å¯äººçå©çãæ´ä½çæ¥ï¼è®¸å¯ä½¿ç¨ååæ¯ä¸ä¸ªåå¼çè¿ç¨ï¼å 为åæ¹çå©ç平衡å¿
ç¶ä¼åæ å°ååçä»·æ ¼ä¸ãåå¾çæå©è¶å¤ï¼æ¯ä»çä»·æ ¼ä¹å°±è¶é«ãå¾·å½çç¦å°ç¹ï¼æ¬§æ ¹è¯´ï¼å¥çº¦èªç±âæ¯ä¸å¯ç¼ºå°çï¼æ²¡ææ¥èªå®¶åºåä¼ä¸ç»æµè®¡åç个人çèªç±å¥çº¦ï¼å°±ä¸å¯è½æéè¿å®å
¨ç«äºæ¥å¯¹æ¥å¸¸ç»æµè¿ç¨çè°èâã[16]èä¸ï¼è¿ç§â第ä¸å±âæ¡æ¬¾å¯ä»¥éè¿éä½å¹è®ææ¬ãè¿è¡è´¨éæ§å¶ãæç¡®åæ æ è¯çæ¹é¢çä½ç¨ä½¿æ¶è´¹è
å¾å°ç¨³å®ãä½å»çæå¡ï¼æç»éè¿éä½äº¤æææ¬å®ç°ç¤¾ä¼å©ççå¢å ãå¨âåçååâçåºç¡ä¸ï¼å¯ä»¥è®¤ä¸ºâ第ä¸å±âæ¡æ¬¾å¹¶ä¸æ¯å®å
¨æå©æ»¥ç¨çç»æãå¦æä¸å®è¦å°ååæç审æ¥å¼å
¥æ¤æ¡æ¬¾ï¼å°±ä¼ç ´åååçåæï¼ç ´åå¨ç«äºç¯å¢ä¸å¸åºä¸»ä½çèªç±éæ©ï¼è¿èä¼ä»åºæ害社ä¼ææ¯è¿æ¥ç代价ï¼è¿æ¯ååææ³ä¸å¾ä¸æèçé®é¢ãå æ¤ï¼ç¨ç»æµå¦çæ¹æ³å
·ä½åæååæ¡æ¬¾ï¼æè¡¡å¤æ¹å©çï¼æè½æ¾å°ååææ³çä½ç¨ç©ºé´ã
第äºï¼ååææ³ä¸è½å®å
¨éåºç¥è¯äº§æä¿æ¤é¢åï¼åªè¦è¿ç§âä¿æ¤âæä¸ºç ´åç«äºçä¿æ¤ä¼ï¼ååææ³å°±åºè´£æ æè´·ç对æ¤å 以è§èï¼ä»¥ç¡®ä¿ç«äºç»æçå¥åº·åå±ã
äºå®è¡¨æï¼å¥çº¦èªç±ææ¶ä¸è½ä¿æ¤å¸åºä¾æ±åæ¹çç«äºï¼çè³å¯ä»¥ç¨æ¥æ¶é¤ç«äºï¼å¡ç¹å°åå
¶ä»åæç»ç»ç建ç«å°±æ¯ä¾è¯ãä¼ä¸å©ç¨å¥çº¦èªç±æ¥å»ºç«åæç»ç»ï¼åæç»ç»åç¨å¥çº¦èªç±å¯¼è´å¼ºå¶æ§çå¥çº¦ãâå¥çº¦èªç±â常常æ为åæéå¢è¯æä»ä»¬åå°æ³å¾ä¿æ¤å享æç¸åºæå©çç±å£ã[17]æ£å ä¸ºä¼ ç»ç¥è¯äº§ææ³ãååæ³å¯¹äºææèªæ²»çè¿åæ¨å´ï¼æ使æå©æ»¥ç¨æå¯è½æ为åæ³ç°è±¡ãå¨ç¥è¯äº§ææ³ä¸ï¼æ³å¾èµäºäºæå©äººçç¹æï¼ç»ç¥è¯äº§åçæ¶çåå®äºä¸ä¸ªéå空é´ï¼åªè½ç±æå©äººç¬äº«ï¼èªç¶å¼åå社ä¼å
¶ä»å©ç主ä½ççç¾ã
æ£å¦æ¬æå¼å¤´ç第ä¸ä¸ªæ¡ä¾ï¼ç¾å½å欧洲çæ³é¢é对ååæè¯è®¼ï¼åå«è®¤å®å¾®è½¯å
¬å¸çè¡ä¸ºè¿åäºååææ³ï¼ååºäºä¸å©äºå¾®è½¯å
¬å¸çå¤å³ãä»è¿æ ·çäºå®å¯ä»¥çåºï¼ååææ³é¢å¯¹ç¥è¯äº§æé¢åçç¬å ç°è±¡ï¼æ¯å®å
¨æçç±ä»å
¥å¹¶è¿è¡è§èçãè¿æ¯å 为ååæçæ§è´¨å³å®ãå æ¤ï¼å°½ç®¡æâæä»æ§âçâç§æâå£åï¼åæååèªç±ç说è¾ï¼ä½ä»ç¤¾ä¼é¿è¿å©çåºåï¼è¿æ¯åºè¯¥æ¿è®¤ååææ³ä»å
¥çåçæ§ã
第ä¸ï¼æ¬æçç»è®ºæ¯ç¥è¯äº§æä¸ååææ³çå
³ç³»ä¸åå纯å°å°ç¥è¯äº§æä½ä¸ºåæè±å
ä¹åï¼èæ¯å¨ä¿æ¤ç¥è¯äº§æä¸é²æ¢æå©äººæ»¥ç¨æå©æ¹é¢å¯»æ±ä¸ä¸ªå¹³è¡¡ç¹ï¼å¯¹äºä¸ç¥è¯äº§ææå
³çéå¶ç«äºè¡ä¸ºä¹åºåå
¥ååæè§å¶çèå´ä¸ãå¨å¯¹ä¸å®¶å
¬å¸è¿è¡ååææ¶èèçå·²ä¸åªæ¯è§æ¨¡ï¼æ´ä¸»è¦çæ¯çå®æ¯å¦å©ç¨èªèº«è§æ¨¡æ¥éå¶ç«äºåæ害æ¶è´¹è
çå©çã[18]
æ£å¦ç¾å½æé«æ³é¢å¨Dellå
¬å¸æ¡ä»¶ä¸è¡¨è¾¾ççæ³ï¼â客è§çæ ¼å¼æ åï¼éè¿å
¬æ£çè¿ç¨è¢«è®¤å¯ï¼æä¸ç§âå®è´¨ä¸ä¿è¿ç«äºçä¼ç¹âãéè¿è®¾å®æ åï¼å¯ä»¥æé«äº§åçéç¨æ§ï¼è¿èå¢å æ¶è´¹è
çéæ©ï¼è¿å¯ä»¥éè¿æå
¥åç»æµææ çæ ååæ¥éä½ç产ææ¬ã使æ°çè¿å
¥è
å¯ä»¥æ ¹æ®å½åæ åç产产åï¼éä½å¸åºåå
¥éç¢â¦â¦âï¼ï¼ï¼ï¼æ»ä½çæ¥ï¼ç¥è¯äº§æåç«äºæ¿çé½å
³æ³¨ææ¯è¿æ¥åæ¶è´¹è
çæç»å©çãä¼ä¸å¸æè¿è¡ææ¯æ¹é ä½è³å°è¦é²æ¢æ便车è¡ä¸ºï¼æ以ç¥è¯äº§æä¿æ¤æ¯å¿
ä¸å¯å°çãèå¸åºä¸»ä½åªæå¨é¢å¯¹ç«äºæ¶ææå
åçå¨åè¿è¡æ¹é ï¼å æ¤è¥é ä¸ä¸ªè¯æ§ç«äºçç¯å¢æ¯ç»æµåå±çåºç¡ãæ以è¦å¹³è¡¡ä¸æå å§çç«äºåè¿ä¸æ¥ææ¯æ¹é ä¹é´çå©çãé¢å¯¹ç»æµçæ´»çå¤ææ§ï¼æ³å¾ä¸åé¢åä¹é´ç交åé®é¢è¶æ¥è¶æ®éï¼è¿æ¶å°±éè¦æ们æ£ç¡®ææ¡ä¸åé¨é¨æ³çç«æ³æ·±æï¼æ¨è¿ç¤¾ä¼çæ´ä½å©çåå±ã
注éï¼
[1]2000 å¹´6 æ微软å
¬å¸æèµ·ä¸è¯ï¼ä¸è¯æ³é¢ååºå¤å³ï¼åºæ¬ç¡®è®¤äºå¾®è½¯éç¨åç«äºæ段维æå
¶å¨çµèæä½ç³»ç»è½¯ä»¶ä¸çåæå°ä½ï¼ä½å¦å®äºå审æ³é¢è¯å¾å°åæå°ä½æ©å±å°æµè§å¨è½¯ä»¶é¢åçå¤å³ã11æ6 æ¥ï¼å¾®è½¯ä¸å¸æ³é¨åååä¸ç9 个å·å解ãç±äºåæ¬æ论述å
³ç³»ä¸å¤§ï¼æ
ä¸ä½è¯¦ç»ä»ç»ãå¾æ°ãæ¶å»ºä¸ä¸»ç¼ãç»æµæ³æ¦è®ºæ¡ä¾æç¨ã第204 页ç¥è¯äº§æåºç社2004å¹´9 æçãï¼ï¼ï¼ See Ronald A. Cass ï¼ COPYRIGHTï¼ LICENSINGï¼ AND THEâFIRST SCREENâï¼èµææ¥æºï¼
ç¾å½ç¤¾ä¼ç§å¦ç 究ç½ç«
www.ssrn.com[2] åå¹³å¨è¯¦ãç¥è¯äº§æä¸ç©ææ¯è¾ç 究ãè½½äºãç¥è¯äº§æã2003年第4 æ
[3] âIn keeping with the basic approach of the copyright law ï¼copyright owners are given great freedom in deciding the terms on which to license their products. After all ï¼ the value of the copyright is the ability of the right owner to set terms expected to maximize the return from licensing. â
See Ronald A. Cassï¼ COPYRIGHTï¼ LICENSINGï¼ AND THEâFIRST SCREENâã
[4] ç¬è
并ä¸å¦è®¤ï¼ç¥è¯äº§æçâç¬å æ§âæ¯ææé并ä¸ååç使ç¨çéå¶ã
å æ¤ï¼æ¤å¤è®¨è®ºçç¬å ä¹æ¯ç¸å¯¹çè并没æè¿äºåæ¿çææãæ¬æå
¨æé½æ¯å»ºç«å¨å·²æçç¥è¯äº§æçå¶åº¦åºç¡ä¹ä¸ï¼å¹¶ä¸æ¯å¯¹ç¥è¯äº§ææ¬èº«çè´¨çï¼è主è¦æ¯ä»ååæè§åº¦åæ´ä½ç¤¾ä¼åå±çè§åº¦è¿è¡ä¸äºæèãåæ¶ï¼æä¹å¹¶ä¸å¦è®¤ï¼ç¥è¯äº§æåå¾çæåï¼ä¹æ¯å¨å¸åºå
¬å¹³ç«äºçæ
åµä¸æå©äººåé æ§çå³å¨çç»æã
[5] âææç«äºâæ¯ä¸ç§ç»æµå¦æä¹ä¸ç®æ 模å¼ï¼å¨è¿ç§æ¨¡å¼ä¸ï¼ç«äºè¢«è§ä¸ºå®ç°æ´ä½ç»æµå社ä¼å
Œ
±å©ççæ段ï¼æåºè¿ç§æ¨¡å¼æ¯ä¸ºäºå»ºç«æå©äºç»æµåå±çå¸åºç»æãä½ä¸ºæ³å¾ä¸å¯æä½çç®æ 模å¼ï¼å
³é®æ¯å¦ä½ç¡®ç«ä¸ä¸ªæ åï¼ä»¥è¯ä»·å¸åºä¸çç«äºæ¯ææç«äºãæ ¹æ®å
¶ä»å½å®¶çç»éªï¼å»ºç«ææç«äºçç®æ 模å¼ä¸»è¦æ¯ä»è§èç«äºæ§å¸åºç»æåºåãæç
§å¾·å½åº·æ£®å·´èµ«çç论ï¼ä¼åçå¸åºç»æï¼å¸åºä¸è¦æå¤ä¸ªç«äºè
ï¼ä»ä»¬çååæé度çå·®å¼æ§ï¼ä¸å¸åºçéæ度é«ãçææï¼ãç«äºæ³ç 究ãåºç社99å¹´ç第73ï¼90页
[6] åå®å
å¸å¹³å¹³æçèï¼ãå½é
ååææ³ãä¸æµ·äººæ°åºç社2002å¹´9 æç第7 ï¼9 页
[7] âTo the extent there has been a perceived conflict ï¼ howeverï¼it seems to stem from four principal areas of uncertainty ï¼ï¼a ï¼ the extent to which competitio policy is about short-run allocative efficiency or long-run dynamic efficiencyï¼ï¼b ï¼ whether market power should be inferred from the existence of an IPR ï¼ï¼c ï¼ certain distinctive economic characteristics of IPRs ï¼ andï¼d ï¼ whether a particular contractï¼ licenseï¼or merger should be regarded as horizontal or vertical. â Seeâcompetition policy and intellectual property rights âï¼ OECD ï¼ committee on competition law and policyï¼ DAFFE/DLPï¼98ï¼18
http://www.oecd.org/daf/ccp[8] âDiscussion of the overlap between antitrust and intellectual property law frequently observes that the former opposes monopoly ï¼ while the latter confers monopoly rights. â See Ronald A. Cass ï¼âCOPYRIGHTï¼LICENSINGï¼ AND THEâFIRST SCREENâ
[9] âåçååâãâæ¬èº«è¿æ³ååâæ¯ååææ³ç两个åºæ¬ååã
âæ¬èº«è¿æ³âéç¨äºé£äºå·²ç»è¢«ç¡®å®ä¸ºä¸åçå°éå¶äºè´¸æçè¡ä¸ºï¼å èåªçæ¯å¦æè¡ä¸ºçåå¨ï¼æ é对è¡ä¸ºäº§ççåå ååæè¿è¡è°æ¥ãä¸è¬éç¨äºæ³å¾æç¡®è§å®çæ
å½¢ä¸ï¼å¦æ»¥ç¨å¸åºæ¯é
å°ä½ï¼éå¶ç«äºåè®®çãâåçååâçåºæ¬å«ä¹æ¯æäºè¡ä¸ºææäºå¯¹ç«äºçéå¶ï¼ä½åä¸è½éç¨æ¬èº«è¿æ³ååãæ¯å¦ææè¿æ³é¡»å¨æ
éèå¯ä¼ä¸è¡ä¸ºçæå¾ãè¡ä¸ºæ¹å¼ä»¥åè¡ä¸ºåæä¹åï¼æè½ååºå¤æã
[10]âNormal competition lawï¼ applied under a rule of reason standardï¼seems entirely adequate for distinguishing betweenâpro â
and anticompetitive tying in cases where the requisite market power is conferred through IPR. â Seeâcompetition policy and intellectual property rights âï¼ OECD ï¼ committee on competition law and policyï¼DAFFE/DLP ï¼98ï¼18
[12]å¯æéãå©ç平衡论ï¼ç¥è¯äº§ææ³çç论åºç¡ãè½½äºãç¥è¯äº§æã
[14]åå
µåãè¯è®ºååæçç论åºç¡ãè½½äºãæ±è社ä¼ç§å¦ã2002年第5 æ
[15]åå
µåãè¯è®ºååæçç论åºç¡ãè½½äºãæ±è社ä¼ç§å¦ã2002年第5 æ
[16]åå
µåãè¯è®ºååæçç论åºç¡ãè½½äºãæ±è社ä¼ç§å¦ã2002年第5 æ
[17]马洪é¨ãä»â微软âæ¡çååææ³çåå±è¶å¿- å
¼è®ºç»ä¸å½ååæç«æ³çå ç¹å¯ç¤ºãè½½äºãå
°å·åå¦é¢å¦æ¥ã2001年第4 æ