中文摘要
西方文学史当中，维多利亚时期被视为是一个重要的分水岭。在此之前，人类习惯用宗教的角度去看待世界，但十八世纪中开始，工业革命在西方展开，各种机器的发明使得当时科学极具的发达，科学带来的影响逐渐改变当时的人民，人类开始采用科学的角度去思考这个世界。达尔文(Charles Darwin)的两部作品，包括物种原始(Origin of Species)及人类原始及类择(The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex)，当中进化论和物种原始的概念造成维多利亚时期社会的一片震撼。本文主要使用达尔文的两大概念—天择及性择—探讨狄更斯(Charles Dickens)的小说—远大期望(Great Expectations)。第一章主要介绍达尔文的进化论及其理论产生背景，其中包含天择(Natural Selection)及性择(Sexual Selection)，其中看出为求生存，生物会自行突变以适应环境的变化，第二章主要针对天择的概念探讨狄更斯之小说，透过物竞天择、均变论(Uniformitarianism)及巨变论(Catastrophism)的对照、达尔文对演化概念及唯物论(Materialism)的诠释、推论出外在环境对生物的影响。第三章则是针对性择的概念探讨书中女性与男性角色之互动，透过无性生殖(Parthenogenetic Reproduction)、母性本能(Maternal Instinct)及男性竞争天性(Male Competitive Tendency)的概念，探讨达尔文及狄更斯作品所中隐含之性别意识。
英文摘要
The Victorian period can be regarded as a watershed of the history of literature. Before the Victorian period, people tended to see the world from a religious point of view. Because of the improvement of science, Victorians began to change their attitudes and started to consider things from a scientific perspective. Charles Darwin, the author of The Origin of Species and The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, introduced evolutionary theory and created a heated dispute that has lasted, to some degree, even until today. This thesis applies Darwin’s two ideas— natural selection and sexual selection— to investigate into Charles Dickens’s Great Expectations. The introduction briefly discusses Darwin’s evolutionary theories and their application in Dickens’s Great Expectations. The first chapter investigates natural selection and sexual selection with more specifics. Simply put, for example, organic beings evolve in order to adapt to the environment. Male of all species try to seduce females in order to propagate. The second chapter deals with the difference between uniformitarianism and catastrophism, and how Darwin challenges the idea of “progress” and how natural selection applies to the notion of materialism. In addition, recalling Darwin’s observation that organic beings would change themselves due to the pressure of survival, readers of Dickens’s novels see how environmental changes bring effects upon characters. The third chapter concentrates on Darwin’s sexual selection, including the contrast between parthenogenetic reproduction and sexual selection, female supremacy in the animal world and male dominance in the human society, as well as female’s maternal instincts and male’s competitive tendencies. Finally, I conclude with the gendered ideology that both Darwin and Dickens reveal in their works. In conclusion, approaching Dickens’s novel from the perspective of Darwin’s evolutionary theories, we see how Victorian literature and science merged together.
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