what在什么句型里不作成分,它可以作成分么?还有什么that which又如何?请高人帮我总结下!越全越好!

如题所述

what在英语中是个很常用的词。我们知道它能用作疑问词,引导特殊疑问句,在句中做主语、表语或宾语;又能用作连接代词(或复合关系代词),引导主语从句、表语从句或宾语从句;还能用作疑问形容词,只作定语并可表示感叹。对于这些常规的用法本文就不一一赘述,现就what在高中英语中的某些特殊用法归纳如下:
1. what = just as,意为“恰像,犹如,好比”用作连词,引导比较状语从句。
⑴ 惯用句式是:A is to B what C is to D. 意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如:
① Air is to us what water is to fish. 空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼。(介词to 表示两者的关系)
⑵ 也有“A is for B what C is for D.”句式。例如:
② Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint. 厨师离不了家禽正如画家离不开画布一样。(介词for表示“供…使用”)
⑶ what 引导的从句也可以放在句首,其句式是:What C is to D,that A is to B.(= A is to B what C is to D.)
在这一结构中,喻体在前,主体在后,相当于“just as…,so…”结构,意思也是“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如:
What blood vessel is to a man’s body,that railway is to transportation.(=Just as blood vessel is to a man’s body ,so Railway is to transportation.)
铁路对于运输,好比血管对于人体一样。
2. what 与do with连用,意为“(怎样)处理、安排或对付等”。what常有较灵活的翻译,常用结构是:“what …do with sth./sb.?”或“what to do with sth./sb.” 例如:
① What will you do with the letter? 你将把那封信怎样处理?
② The kids do not know what to do with themselves on rainy days.
孩子们不知道雨天干什么好。
注意:do with 与deal with同义,但搭配不同:do with只能与what搭配,而deal with可与不同的疑问词搭配。比较:
③ How will you deal with the letter?你将那封信怎样处理?
④ You may have some idea of what the astronauts have to deal with if you try to drink a glass of water while standing on your head or while just lying down.
如果你试着倒立着或仅以躺着的姿势去喝水,就能大致体会得到宇航员必须应付什么了。
3. 问价格、度量、速度、人口、面积、门牌(汽车、电话等)号码等时,只能用what提问,不能用how much提问。例如:
① What is the cost(price)of the gold watch?这块金表多少钱?
② What is the speed of the car?车速是多少?
③ What is the length(width、depth)of the lake?这湖有多长(宽、深)?
④ What is the population(area)of China?中国的人口(面积)有多少(大)?
⑤ What money(cash) have you got? 你有多少钱(现金)?
⑥ What is your telephone (car、room)number?
你的电话(汽车、房间)号码是多少?
4.“What is …like?”的两种含义。
⑴ 表示“情况怎样”,多指天气或气候。例如:
① What is the weather like today?今天天气怎样?
② What is the climate like there?那里的气候怎样?
⑵ 表示“像什么样,什么模样,怎样的” 指人或事物。例如:
③ What is the camel like ?骆驼是什么样子的?
④ — What is your teacher like?— She is very kind and beautiful.
“你老师是怎样一个人?”——“她既善良又美丽。”
⑤ What will life be like in the future ? 未来的生活是什么样子呢?
注意:“What is…like?”通常用于对某人、某地和某物的实际情况提问,包括对其内在的品质或外在的特征(或持久的特征)提问。而“How is … like?”是就某人、某地和某物的外观询问对方的看法,可以用来询问变化的事物,如暂时的情况,情绪等,还常用来问候别人的健康。如:
⑥ How is your work these days? 近来你的工作情况如何?
⑦ How is he? 他近况如何? (他身体近来怎么样?)
比较:What does she look like?她是什么模样?(What… look like?只能指外表 )
5.“What do you think of…?”用于询问对方对……的看法或评价。例如:
① What do you think of the idea?你认为这个主意怎样?
② What did you think of that film?你对那场电影评价如何?
注意:“ What do you think of…?”是惯用搭配,不能改为“How do you think of…?”。但我们可以说:How do you feel about the idea(that film)?或者How do you like the idea(that film)?
6.what 用作复合关系代词时,既可指代人又可指代物。例如:
① China is no longer what it used to be? 中国已不是过去的中国。
② She is what you call a “bluestocking”。 她就是你说的“女才子”。
③ She is not what she was five years ago. 她不再是5年前的她了。
7. what从句可用作宾语补足语或状语。例如:
① We will make the factory twice what it is today. 我们将使工厂比现在规模增加一倍。(句中的twice what it is today是动词make的宾语the factory的补足语)
② Gravity is what makes you weigh what you weigh. 地心吸引力使人称得现有的重量(句中的第一个what到句末为表语从句;句末的what you weigh 是说明前面的动词weigh,系回答how much 的问题,作状语)
8.像how和why一样,what可以用作名词。例如:
① Please explain to us how and why,since you know what. 既然你想出一个好办法,请给我们解释清楚解决这个问题的方法和理由。
② By asking why,how and what if,curious minds find new ideas and solutions.
通过刨根问底,提出假设,富有求知欲的天才人物想出了新主意,找出了解决问题的新办法。
9.与what连用的常用句型和词组
⑴ What if…?What will or would happen if…?如果(假如)…将会怎么样?例如:
① What if it is true?如果这是真的又怎么样?
② What if a storm should come up?万一发生暴风雨怎么办?
⑵ what with:because of ;as a result of;因为;由于……的结果;例如:
③ What with overwork and (what with)so little sleep,she fell ill.
一半由于工作过度的劳累,一半由于睡眠不足,她病倒了。
④ She has been depressed,what with losing her job and having to move.
她由于丢了工作还要搬家而感到沮丧。
⑶ and what not :and so on ;etc;以及各种其它东西;诸如此类;等等;例如:
⑤ I bought sugar,tea,eggs,and what not. 我买了食糖、茶叶、鸡蛋之类的东西。
⑷ come what will(may)是固定搭配必须倒装,意为“不管发生什么事”“不管怎样”
⑥ Come what will (may),I will always stand by you.
不管发生什么事,我将永远支持你。

that和which的用法

* that可代表人(a),也可代表东西(b):

a. He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree. (谚)想吃果子就得爬树。



b. I reached the gate that opened onto the lake. 我走到临湖而开的那扇门前。

He expressed the hope that we would keep in touch with his firm. 他表示希望我们与他的公司保持联系。

在从句中作宾语时,that常可省略:

This is the best hotel (that) I know. 这是我知道的最好的旅馆。



* which只能代表东西或动物:

I want to take away the book which you showed me yesterday. 我想带走你昨天给我看的那本书。

She was not in the train which arrived just now. 她不在刚到的火车上。

当它在从句中作宾语时常常可以省略:

This is the book (which) you want. 这是你要的书。



which还可在从句中作介词的宾语:

The situation which he found himself in was difficult. 他的处境非常困难。



在这种从句中,只有which可以紧跟介词,that则不可以(在最后两个例句中which都不能换作that)。如果which不紧跟介词,则一般可换为that,也可以省略:

This is the house (which/that) I went into. 这就是我进去过的那座房子。

Tips: who,that,which有相似之处,也有不同之处。一般说来代表人时多用who(m),代表东西时用that时更多一些,有时也可用which,在紧跟介词时只能用which,不能用that。在从句中作宾语时,这些关系代词常可省略。

62 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

定语从句有两类:限制性定语从句(restrictive attributive clauses)和非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive attributive clauses)。

* 限制性定语从句:前面所给例句基本上都包含限制性定语从句,它限制所修饰名词或代词的意义,一般说来如把从句去掉句子意思就不清楚,甚至失去意义。例如下面句子,有定语从句时意思很清楚,若把从句去掉,句子或是变得模糊不清,或是变得没有意思:

This is the machine he design. 这就是他设计的机器。

(若把he design去掉,意思就不清楚。)

Madame Curie was a woman we admired. 居里夫人是我们崇拜的女性。

(若把从句去掉,句子就失去意义。)

把前面例句都这样试一遍,你就会发现这些从句很重要,对说明所修饰词的意义不可或缺,是句子的主要组成部分。译成汉语时也多译成一个定语(如“他设计的机器”,“我们崇拜的女性”)。只有在限制性定语从句中,且在从句中作宾语的关系代词才能省略。

* 非限制性定语从句:

另外有一种定语从句,与主句(句子的其他部分)关系不太紧密,对所修饰名词或代词的意思没有太大影响,把它们拿掉,句子依然很完整,它们可以说是附加上去的东西,而且通常都有逗号把它们和句子的其他部分分开,这种从句称非限制性定语从句。这种从句只能由who(m),whose和which引起:

Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town. 彼得开了一天的车,建议在下一个城镇停一停。

Anne, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job. 安妮的孩子们全天上学,她想法找一份工作。

The 8:30 train, which is usually very punctual, was late today. 八点三十分的火车通常很准时,但今天晚点了。

这种句子译成汉语时常译成两个并列句,这从上面例句的译文中可以看出。在非限制性定语从句中不能使用that作关系代词。

* which的特殊用法:

在非限制性定语从句中,which可以代表主句的一部分甚至全部,而不仅限于一个名词或代词,而which引起的从句用作修饰整个主句:

This I did at nine o’clock, after which(=doing it) I sat some time reading the paper. 我九点钟坐了这事,之后我就坐着看了一会儿报纸。

He invited us to dinner, which was very kind of him. 他请我们去吃饭,这是他难得的好意。

which在从句中还可用作定语:

He advised me to hide behind the door, which advice I took at once. 他让我躲在门后,我立即照做了。

He studied computer science, which knowledge is very important today. 他学的是电脑,这门知识现在很重要。

which有时代表后面的意思:

He hung around for hours and,which was worse,kept me from doing my work.

他闲呆了好几个钟头,更糟糕的是,这使我也没法工作。

在书面语中,有时还把这类从句写成独立的句子:

From which he learned a few lessons which were later of value to him. 从中他得到了一些教训,对他后来很有用处。

which还可和不定式一起用:

Allow me one minute in which to change my costume. 给我一点时间换装。

She has a little money in the bank, with which to help her mother. 她在银行存了一点钱,用这钱帮助她的母亲。
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第1个回答  2011-01-19
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