翻译翻译~~~~

Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-long consequences. There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment.Data for many countries, especially low-and middle-income countries,are lacking.

Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. Nonetheless. international studies reveal that approximately 20%of women and 5-10%of men report being sexually abused as children,while 25-50%of all children report being physically abused. Additionally,many children are subject to1 emotional abuse(sometimes referred to as2 psychological abuse).

Every year,there are an estimated 31,000 homicide deaths in children under 15.This number underestimates the true extent of the problem,as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to3 falls,bums and drowning.

Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences. Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development. Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems. Consequently,as adults,maltreated children are at increased risk for behavioural, physical and mental health problems. Via the behavioural and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer,suicide and sexually transmitted infections.4

Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment,there is an economic impact,including costs of hospitalization, mental health treatment, child welfare, and longer-term health costs.

A number of risk factors for child maltreatmenthave been identified. These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment.

It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for5 maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated ,such as being either under four years old or an adolescent ,being unwanted, or failing to fulfil the expectations of parents and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.6

虐待儿童是一个会造成终身伤害的全球性问题。对于虐待儿童的普遍性,(目前还)没有一个全球性的准确估计。因为很多国家的相关数据缺失,尤其是中低收入的国家。
虐待儿童是一个研究起来复制而困难的问题。当前的预估数据由于依赖于各个国家及其研究的方式,所以迥乎不同。然而,根据国际调查显示,大约20%的女性和5%~10%的男性被报道像孩子一样遭受性虐待。25%~50%的儿童遭受身体上的虐待。另外,许多儿童遭受着精神虐待(有时候被称为心理虐待)。
据估计,每年有31,000的15岁以下儿童被杀害。这个数据低估了问题的严重性。在被不准确地归因于坠落、流浪、溺死的虐待儿童造成死亡的事件中占很大比例。
虐待儿童将会给儿童和家庭造成伤害,并将造成长期的后果。虐待会造成压力,这种压力与大脑早期发育中的精神分裂有关。过度的压力将会损害精神和免疫系统的发育。因此,在长大成人的过程中,受过虐待的儿童将会有更大的出现行为、生理、心理方面的健康问题的风险。由于行为和心理健康问题,虐待将会间接造成心脏病、癌症、自杀以及性传播疾病。
虐待儿童除了造成健康问题,对经济也将造成巨大冲击,包括住院治疗费用、心理健康治疗、儿童福利和付出长期的健康代价。
虐待儿童的很多风险因素已经被确认。这些因素并非在所有社会和文化环境中都出现,但却为我们理解虐待儿童的原因提供了一个综述。
有一点必须强调:孩子是受害者,在虐待儿童事件中从来不被指责。但是,孩子的很多特征也许增加了被虐待的可能性。例如,作为一个4岁以下的儿童或者一个青少年,没能达到父母预期的目标,或者是有特别的要求(比如想买玩具)而不停哭闹,抑或是有一些身体畸形。
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第1个回答  2011-01-14
儿虐是一个全球问题,带着严肃的终身的后果。没有可靠的全球估计儿虐的发病率。世界上许多国家,尤其是数据low-and中等收入国家,也缺乏。

儿虐复杂、难学的课程。最新的估计相差很大依靠国家和研究方法的使用。Nonetheless.国际研究表明,妇女和5-10%of大约20%的人报告正在像孩子,而性滥用25-50%of所有的孩子都报告身体虐待。此外,许多儿童在学科百万感情虐待(有时也叫心理虐待乡村)。

每年,大约有31,000凶杀案15岁以下儿童死亡。这个数字低估了真实的这个问题的影响程度,作为一个非常重要的部分儿虐引起的死亡原因是错误下,燃爆花费要淹死了。

儿虐会导致痛苦的孩子,家庭,可以有长期的后果。虐待引起应力断裂有关早在脑的发育。剧烈的压力会削弱人的发展的神经和免疫系统。因此,作为成年人,虐待孩子的风险增加行为、生理和心理健康问题。通过行为和心理健康的后果,虐待会导致心脏疾病、癌症、自杀和性传播infections.4

对健康的影响之外,有儿虐的一份经济影响,包括住院费用、心理健康治疗,儿童福利,更加长久的卫生保健支出。

许多孩子的危险因素maltreatmenthave被证实。这些危险因素并不是存在于所有的社会文化语境,但提供概述时,试图了解其原因的儿童虐待。

首先需强调的是,孩子们的受害者和从不指责for5虐待。许多个人特色的孩子可能增加的可能性被虐待,如或者是在四岁或青少年的时候,被抛弃,或未能履行父母的期望和有特殊需要不断地或、喊著说、有异常物理features.6
第2个回答  2020-05-02
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