英语高手翻译一下,要求自己翻译,不用软件.急着用的,谢谢.

Question

二、记者与记者的伦理规范
为了有效地发挥新闻的公众作用，新闻记者应该有哪些作为?记者应该是体制问题的调查者还是解决方案的发起者?记者应该是冷静的观察者还是积极的参与者?报纸应该是保持独立的“看家狗”还是公共论坛的召集者?从某种意义上说，公共新闻的兴起是美国新闻记者伦理道德危机的觉醒。梅里特和罗森就把公共新闻看作是 “关于记者在公众生活中地位的新的价值观”，将公共新闻运动看成是“如何想象记者在公众生活的作用的一次根本变革”。
公共新闻理论者认为，传统新闻的专业记者将客观性原则视为新闻的法宝，这导致专业记者将自己定位于新闻事件的旁观者和客观报道者，使记者脱离了生活的方方面面，也导致公众对记者的不信任。因此，记者必须重新确立自己在公众生活中的地位和作用。
罗森也认为，传统新闻的出路就是放弃它的冷静、客观的超然性。记者和其它社会活动家如政治领导、利益集团和市民有很大区别，但是在建立一个负责的新闻理论和实践准则与创造个健康的公共领域、一个富有建设性的对话、一个我们每个人都尊重的政治生活之间并不存在任何根本区别。
梅里特认为，公共新闻和传统新闻既不存在冲突也不相互排斥，它只是在传统新闻中增添了一个必须做的事，就是关心市民是否参与公共生活。为了“帮助复兴公共生活”，记者必须从一个新闻的讲叙名一变为一个“公正的参一与者”(fair-minded participant )，即公共新闻记者仍然要保持“公正”“平衡”和“真实”的传统美德。在梅里特眼中，公共新闻记者的“参与”应该是“有限”的参与，“适当”的参与。这是因为梅里特不希望公共新闻被看作是鼓动性新闻(advocacy journalism )，因为这是政党报刊的新闻模式，早己为美国民众所厌恶。
从以上论述中可以看出，大多数公共新闻的倡导者对客观性原则的态度是保守的、谨慎的。他们没有表示要放弃客观性，而是要改变记者对公共事务保持冷漠的、超然的态度。
此外，一些学者提出，在公共新闻的伦理规范还未确定时，独立性原则应成为公共新闻的路标和指导性原则—这是一个道德的调整器，在媒介激烈竞争、截稿期限、商业决策、记者个人利益和同行压力的影响下，它告诉我们在哪里寻找某些平衡，指明我们在社会中的作用，明确我们对消费者、公众和社区的责任。
还有一些学者提醒在建立公共新闻记者的伦理规范时不要将记者的伦理标准简单化和两极化，如罗伯特•M•斯蒂尔(Robert M. Steele)指出，在记者的职责和伦理道德的两极中存在大量的，护问状态，这些状态很难说是传统新闻或是公共新闻所拥
有的。
总之，尽管公共新闻理论认识到必须重新定位记者在公众生活的地位，但在确立记者在公众生活的地位时应该遵守什么样的伦理规范，公共新闻理论还没有形成定论。

Answer 1

Second, journalists and the press code of ethics in order to effectively play the role of the public. What journalists should have as? journalists are institutional issues were still investigating the initiator solution? reporters is a dispassionate observer or an active participant? Newspapers should maintain an independent "specialty dog" or public forum convened ? In a sense, public information is the rise of United States News reporters Lun Lidao and De Weiwei awakening. Merite Rosenborg put the public and press as "on the press in public life status of the new values," public information campaign as "imagine how the press in public life the role of a fundamental transformation." Public Information theorists argue that the traditional news reporters professional objectivity as a news trick This has led to professional journalist positioned itself in the news reports and objective bystander, reporters from all aspects of life, but also lead to a public distrust of journalists. Thus, reporters must re-establish themselves in the public life of the status and role. Rosen also that the traditional news outlets is to give up its calm, the overriding objective. Journalists and other social activists as political leaders, interest groups and the public a great difference, However, the establishment of a responsible press theory and practice guidelines and the creation of a healthy public domain, a constructive dialogue, one we all respect for the political life does not exist between any fundamental differences. Merite that public information and traditional journalism is neither conflict nor mutually exclusive. It is the traditional news added a must do, the public is concerned about whether or not to participate in public life. In order to "help the rejuvenation of public life," a reporter from the news spoke of a name to a "fair and participate in a" (p fair-minded articipant) journalists that the public must still maintain "fair" and "balanced" and "truth" in the traditional virtues. Merite in the eyes of the public journalists "participation" should be "limited" participation "appropriate" involvement. This is because Merite do not want public information is seen as lucrative news (advocacy journali sm), which is the political party newspapers news mode, back to the American people himself disgusted. From the above discussion, we can see that the majority of the public advocate the principles of objectivity attitude is conservative, cautious. They said not to give up objectivity, but to change the public affairs reporter maintain cold and detached attitude. In addition, some academics have suggested, in the public press code of ethics has not been determined. The principle of independence should be public information signs and guiding principles - this is a moral adjuster, intense competition in the media, the deadline period, commercial decision, the reporter personal interests and peer pressure under the influence It tells us where to find some balance, we specified in the role of the community, we have to clear, public and community responsibility. Some scholars remind the public of the establishment of the code of ethics of journalists at the press not to the ethical standards simplistic and polarized , Robert M. •stil (Robert M. • Steele), At the reporter's responsibility and ethical extremes of the existence of a large number of state asked for, These conditions are difficult to traditional news or public owned by News. In short, although public information theoretical understanding of the need to reposition journalists in public life status, But the establishment press in public life should be the status of compliance with what kind of ethical norms, public information theory is not yet undetermined.

Answer 2

Second, reporter and reporter's ethics standard In order to effectively displays the news the public function,which should newsman have to take? Reporter should be the systemquestion surveyor or the solution sponsor? Reporter should be the calmviewer is positive participates in the person? The newspaper should be the maintenanceindependent "the watchdog" or public forum convening? Said from somekind of significance that, public news starting is US newsman ethicsmorals crisis awakening. Merritt and Rowson on regards as the publicnews is "about reporter in the public life the status new values",regards as the public news movement is "how imagines reporter in apublic life function radical transformation". The public news theory believed that, traditional news specializedreporter the objective principle will regard as the news the magicweapon, this will cause specialized reporter to locate own to the newsevent observer and the objective report, caused reporter to beseparated from the life aspects, also caused the public not to trustto reporter. Therefore, reporter must re-establish oneself in thepublic life status and the function. Rowson also believed that, the traditional news outlet is gives up itcalmly, the objective aloofness. Reporter and other social activistlike politics leaderships, the special interest group and the residenthave the very big difference, but in establishes between the politicallife which a responsible news theory and the practice criterion and acreation healthy public domain, a rich constructive dialogue, our eachpeople all respects certainly not to have any basic difference. Merritt believed that, the public news and the traditional newsalready do not have the conflict not to repel one another, it only washas increased the matter in the traditional news which had to do, wascared about whether the resident did participate in the public life.In order to "the help revives the public life", reporter must say froma news narrates the name as soon as to become "the fair senate onewith" (fair-minded participant), namely public newsman still had tomaintain "fair" "the balance" and "was real" the traditional moralexcellence. In Merritt the eye, public newsman "the participation"should be "limited" the participation, "is suitable" participation.This is because Merritt did not hope the public news is regarded asis the agitation news (advocacy journalism), because this is thepolitical party publication news pattern, the early oneself loathesfor the American populace. Elaborates from above may see, the majority public news initiator tothe objective principle manner is conservative, discrete. They do nothave the expression to have to give up objective, but is must changereporter to maintain, the aloof manner indifferently to the publicaffairs. In addition, some scholars proposed, has been indefinite when thepublic news ethics standard, the independent principle should becomethe public news the guidepost and instruction principle - this is amoral adjuster, in the medium steep competition, the deadline foracceptance of drafts deadline, the business decision, reporter thepersonal interest and under the colleague pressure influence, it tellsus to seek certain balances in where, indicates us in society'sfunction, is clear about us to the consumer, the public andcommunity's responsibility. Also has some scholars reminds when the establishment public newsman'sethics standard must reporter's ethics standard simplification and thetwo-pole, if Robert M stiel (Robert M. Steele) pointed out, existsmassively in reporter's responsibility and in ethics morals two-pole,protects asks the condition, these conditions are very difficult tosay is the traditional news perhaps the public news supports Some. In brief, although the public news theory realized to must relocatereporter in the public life status, but in establishes reporter shouldobserve any type when the public life status ethics standard, thepublic news theory has not formed the conclusion.