关于few, a few, little,a little,many,much,some，any,plenty,a lot ,a lot of？

Question

它们各修饰什么词语，用在什么句子上，还有它们的中文意思是什么？

Answer 1

a little, a few：一些。a little形容不可数名词、形容词和a few形容可数名词。例:
I have a little money; I'm a little hungry； I have a few books。

little, few，指几乎没有，little形容不可数名词，few形容可数名词

much,many,表示很多,前者用于形容词比较级及不可数名词,后者用于修饰可数名词;例:
It's much easier now; There're much water in the tank; I have many books;

some, any,表示一些,前者用于肯定陈述及委婉请求,后者用于否定句及一般疑问句;例:
I have some books; Would you like some coffee? I don't have any books; Is there any coffee in your cup?

plenty of稍微复杂一点,用于口语表达时修饰不可数名词的程度而非数量多一些,但它也可以修饰可数名词,只是情况稍少些

a lot of, 相当于much,more的化身,但仅用于修饰名词,当后面接形容词比较级时,应为a lot;例:
There is a lot of water in the tank; There'are a lot of books in my room; I'm a lot better now, thanks.

参考资料：http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/17419866.html?fr=qrl3

Answer 2

few, a few, little,a little都可表示“很少”“一点儿”。其区别是：
（一）few, a few在句中都可修饰可数名词；little,a little修饰不可数名词如：Few syudents attended the meeting.(没几个学生出席会议）
She stayed here only a little while.(她在这里只停留了很短的时间）
（二）few和little具有否定意义，表示“量少”“微不足道”；a few 和a little具有肯定意义，表示量虽少，但还有一些，如：
He is a man of few words(他是一个说话不多的人）
I have little time,I must hurry（我没有多少时间了，得赶快）