定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句,结果状语从句,让步状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。
一、 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
二、非限定性定语从句:非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物
同位语
一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰.限定或说明.这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语.同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致.并常常紧挨在一起.
1.由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构.其中前项与后项所指相同.句法功能也相同.后项是前项的同位语.
Mr. Smith. our new teacher. is very kind to us.
我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好.
Mr. Smith是主词our new teacher的同位语.指同一人.
Yesterday I met Tom. a friend of my brother's.
昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆.
a friend of my brother's是受词Tom的同位语.指同一人.
2.如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开,如同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开.
He himself told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor.
他本人对我讲.他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生.
himself和John都是单一的字作同位语.与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开.
Yesterday I talked to my English teacher. Mr. James.
昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了.
同位语Mr. James补充解释my English teacher.同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗点隔开.
3.同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外.还可以表示部分意义.
We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.
我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的.
He is interested in sports. especially ball games.
他喜欢运动.特别是球类运动.
同位从句一般跟在某些名词如answer(答案).hope(希望).fact(事实).belief (信仰).news(消息).idea(主意,观念).promise(承诺).information(信息).conclusion(结论).order(命令). suggestion(建议).problem(问题).thought (想法)等后面.例如: He always works hard even if he knows the fact that he is not in good health. His failure was due to the fact that he had not practised for a long time. I had no idea that you were here. She told us her hope that she would become a pianist. He made a promise that he would never come late. 注意: that 既可引导同位语从句又可引导定语从句.其区别在于:同位语从句由连接词that引导.连接词that本身无意义.在同位语从句中不充当任何成分.不可省略.不可以用其他词替代,定语从句由关系代词that引导.关系代词that在从句中充当一定的成分.作宾语时可省略.由when. why. where引导的 同位语从句和定语从句的区别在于: 同位语从句由连接副词只起连接作用.没有指代作用, 定语从句由关系副词引导.关系副词具有指代先行词的作用.常用一个介词加关系代词替换.例如:I will never forget the day when we first met. (同位语从句. when为连接词) That is the special day (which/that) I will never forget. (定语从句.which/that为关系副词) This is the house where we lived fifteen years ago. (同位语从句. where为连接词) This is the house which we sold fifteen years ago. (定语从句.where为关系副词)
区分表语从句和同位语从句
从句是相对于主句而言的.即它是从属于某一个主句.而不能单独作一个句子.在英语中.主要有三大从句.即名词性从句(包括主语从句.宾语从句.表语从句.同位语从句).形容词性从句(即定语从句).副词性从句(即状语从句.包括时间.条件.结果.目的.原因.让步.地点.方式等).
主语从句用作主语.如::
That the earth is round is true. 地球为圆的是真实的.
宾语从句用作宾语.如:
Do you know where he lives?
表语从句用作表语.如:
My opinion is that you should not go alone. 我的意见是你不应单独前往.
同位语从句用于解释说明前面的名词.如:
The fact that the earth is round is true. 地球是圆的的事实是真实的.(that从句用于解释说明the fact)
定语从句相当于一个形容词.用于修饰前面的名词.如:
The student who answered the question was John. 回答问题的学生是John.
状语从句相当于一个副词.如:
When it rains. I usually go to school by bus. 天下雨时.我通常坐公共汽车上学.(时间状语)
If he comes tomorrow. you will see him. 如果他明天来.你就可以看见他.(if 引导的条件状语从句.其结构为:if +状语从句.+主句).要注意在状语从句中有一个规则是[主将从现".即主句是将来时.则从句要用一般现在时表示将来.
主句和从句的划分方法是相同的.句子的成分从谓语动词处来划分比较容易.谓语动词前面的部分是主语.后面常接宾语.修饰谓语动词的是状语.修饰主语.宾语的是定语.若谓语是系动词.则系动词后的部分是表语.如:
I am a teacher. 其中.I 是主语.am是谓语.a teacher 是表语.
He likes playing football very mucy. 其中.he是主语.likes是谓语.playing football是宾语.very much是状语.
温馨提示:答案为网友推荐,仅供参考