1，窗口
窗口是屏幕中的一些区域。看起来就像是一些独立的终端。窗口通常可以包含文字或图形，并且能够移动或可以改变大小。在屏幕上可以同时显示几个窗口，可以看见不同的任务在其中执行。在工作的线程间切换的时候，用户可以注视不同的窗口。
通常，窗口还有各种与之相关的东西来增加窗口的用途。滚动条就是这样的一个附件，使用户可以上下移动窗口的内容，或者左右移动。这使窗口看起来仿佛是一个大得多的世界中的真实窗口。通过操纵滚动条可以看到新的信息。
在窗口的顶部通常有一个标题栏，让用户可以识别，在窗口的角上可能有一些特殊的方框，用来改变窗口的大小，关闭窗口或者使其尽可能大．
另外，有一些系统允许窗口嵌套。例如，在微软的Office应用的软件中，如Excel和Word，每个应用软件都有自己的窗口，其中的每个文件又各有一个窗口。在不同的应用窗口中经常可能有不同的布局策略。
2，图标
窗口可以关闭和永远消失，或者也可以缩小成某种非常小的表示。一个小的图片可以用来表示关闭的窗口，这种表示称为图标。利用图标可以在屏幕上同时得到许多窗口。当用户暂时不想执行对话的一个线程时，可以将含有该对话的窗口图标化，从而挂起该对话。图标可以节省屏幕空间，并且可以用来提醒用户：他可以以后打开那个窗口，重新执行对话。
图标也可以用来表示系统的其他项目，例如收集废弃文件的回收站，各种磁盘以及用户可以访问的程序或功能。图标有多种形式：可以是其代表对象的逼真表示，也可以是高度程式化的。甚至可以是任意符号，不过用户可能很难理解。
3，指针
指针是WIMP界面的一个重要成分，因为WIMP所要求的交互形式十分依赖于指点和选择图标这类事物。鼠标是能够进行这种任务的输入设备。在屏幕上展现给用户的是由输入设备控制的光标。
不同形状的光标经常用来区分模式，例如通常的指针光标是一个箭头，而在画一条直线的时候，可能变成十字准线．
光标也可以用来告诉用户系统正在工作，例如当系统正忙于读文件的时候，可能显示一个钟表或沙漏图标。
指针的光标与图标类似，也是一个小小的位图图像，只是是所有的光标还有一个热点（hot spot）,即所指向的位置。
4，菜单
视窗系统的最后一个主要的特点是菜单，是在许多非视窗系统里很常见的一种交互技术。菜单让用户选择由系统在设定时间执行的操作或服务。
用户在任何时候都可以看见主菜单，因为菜单栏和子菜单可以根据需要下拉。菜单栏通常放在屏幕的底部（例如MACOS）,或每个窗口的顶部（Microsoft Windows）。
另外，主菜单可以隐藏起来，需要的时候才弹出来。这些弹出式菜单经常用来表示上下文敏感的选项，例如允许人们检查屏幕上具体对象的性质。在有些系统里，在屏幕的背景上按动鼠标，可以通过这种菜单访问比较全局性的动作。
菜单的主要问题通常是要决定菜单中要包括什么项，以及如何将其分组。如果项目太多，菜单就会变得很长，否则又会产生太多的菜单；
分组的问题在于，与同一个主题有关的项需要在同一个标题之下。在下拉式菜单中，选择菜单标记时应该使其能够反映菜单项的功能，菜单项应该按照功能来分组。这些分组的方法应该在所有的应用中保持一致，使用户可以将已有的知识用在新的应用上。菜单项应该按照重要性和使用的频繁程度排序。相反的功能（例如”保存”和”删除”）应该隔开一些，以防用户偶然选择了错误的功能，造成惨重的损失。
1, window
Window screens are some of the region. Looks like some kind of terminal. Window is usually able to contain text or graphics, and can move or change size. On the screen can display several windows at the same time, you can see a different task in which the Executive. Thread in the work of the inter-switch, users can watch a different window.
In general, there is a window associated with a variety of things to increase the use of the window. Scroll bar, is an annex, so that users can move up and down the window, or move around. This looks as if the window is a much larger world of the real window. Through the manipulation of scroll bar to see new information.
At the top of the window usually have a title bar so that users can identify, in the corner of the window, there may be some special box to change the size of the window, close the window or make it possible.
In addition, some systems allow nested window. For example, in Microsoft's Office software applications, such as Excel and Word, each application has its own window, in which each of the documents also have a window. In a different application window often may have different distribution strategy.
2, icon
Can close the window and disappear forever, or can be reduced to a very small, said. A small picture that can be used to close the window, said that as the icon. The use of icons on the screen at the same time can be a number of windows. When the user does not want for the time being the implementation of a thread of dialogue, the dialogue can contain a window icon, and then to suspend the dialogue. Icon on the screen to save space and can be used to remind the user: he could open the window after the re-implementation of the dialogue.
Icon that can be used in other systems, such as the collection of waste paper recycle bin, disk, as well as a variety of users can access the programs or functions. Icon may take many forms: his representative could be a life-like object that can be highly stylized. Can even be arbitrary symbols, but users may find it hard to understand.
3, indicators
WIMP interface pointer is an important component, as required by the WIMP interaction in the form of very dependent on the advice of such icon and choose things. This mouse is able to carry out the task of input device. On the screen to display the user's input device controlled by the cursor.
Of different shapes often used to distinguish between the cursor mode, the usual indicators, such as a cursor arrow, and in drawing a straight line, may cross into alignment.
Cursor can be used to tell the user's system is working, for example, when the system is busy reading the paper, it may show an hourglass icon or watches.
Pointer of the cursor and icon similar to a small bitmap image, but all of the cursor and a hot (hot spot), that is the point.
4, menu
Windows in the last one of the main features of the menu is, in many non-Windows system is a common interactive technology. Menu allows users to choose the time set by the system in the implementation of the operation or service.
Users at any time can be seen from the main menu, as sub-menu bar and pull-down menu as needed. Usually on the menu bar at the bottom of the screen (for example, MACOS), or the top of each window (Microsoft Windows).
In addition, the main menu can be hidden and, when necessary, only to pop. These pop-up menus often used to express context-sensitive options, such as allowing people to check on the screen of the specific nature of the object. In some systems, in the background on the screen rather than pressing the mouse, you can access this menu compared with the overall movement.
The main menu is usually the problem is to decide what to include in the menu, and how their division. If too many items, the menu would be a long, or will produce too much of the menu;
The problem is that the group with the same theme of the need for the same heading. In the drop-down menu, select the menu tag should reflect the menu item to enable it to function, menu items should be in accordance with the group to function. These groups should be in the way of all the applications in line, so that users can have the knowledge to use in new applications. Menu items should be in accordance with the importance and use of the frequency of the sort. On the other hand functions (such as "Save" and "delete") should be separated, to prevent accidental user has chosen the wrong function, resulting in heavy losses.
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