跪求英语高手翻译

Question

电子商务至今同样没有统一的定义，这也是电子商务概念很容易引起混乱的原因之一。国内外不同的书籍、机构等对于电子商务的定义都有差异，电子商务研究者从不同角度给出了众多电子商务定义。网络营销教学网站摘录部分比较有影响的定义。

1. 电子商务专家李琪教授在《电子商务概论》（高等教育出版社，2004年9月）中对电子商务的定义（P13）：

首先将电子商务划分为广义和狭义的电子商务。广义的电子商务定义为，使用各种电子工具从事商务或活动。这些工具包括从初级的电报、电话、广播、电视、传真到计算机、计算机网络，到NII（国家信息基础结构－信息高速公路）、GII（全球信息基础结构）和Internet等现代系统。而商务活动是从泛商品（实物与非实物，商品与非商品化的生产要素等等）的需求活动到泛商品的合理、合法的消费除去典型的生产过程后的所有活动。狭义电子商务定义为，主要利用Internet从事商务或活动。电子商务是在技术、经济高度发达的现代社会里，掌握信息技术和商务规则的人，系统化地运用电子工具，高效率、低成本地从事以商品交换为中心的各种活动的总称。这个分析突出了电子商务的前提、中心、重点、目的和标准，指出它应达到的水平和效果，它是对电子商务更严格和体现时代要求的定义，它从系统的观点出发，强调人在系统中的中心地位，将环境与人、人与工具、人与劳动对象有机地联系起来，用系统的目标、系统的组成来定义电子商务，从而使它具有生产力的性质。

2. 电子商务专家杨坚争教授在《电子商务基础与应用》第四版（西安电子科技大学出版社，2004年1月）中对电子商务的定义（P13）：

电子商务系指交易当事人或参与人利用现代信息技术和计算机网络（主要是因特网）所进行的各类商业活动，包括货物贸易、服务贸易和知识产权贸易。

对电子商务的理解，应从“现代信息技术”和“商务”两个方面考虑。一方面，“电子商务”概所包括念的“现代信息技术”应涵盖各种使用电子技术为基础的通信方式；另一方面，对“商务”一词应做广义解释，使其不论是契约型还是非契约型的一切商务性质的关系所引起的种种事项。如果将“现代信息技术”看做一个子集，“商务”看做另一个子集，电子商务所覆盖的范围应当是这两个子集所形成的交集，即“电子商务”标题之下可能广泛涉及的因特网、内部网和电子数据交换在贸易方面的各种用途。

Answer 1

The electronic commerce equally has no unified definition up to now, this is very easily also the electronic commerce concept to arouse one of the confusion reasons.The different book and the organization etc.'s definitions toward electronic commerces all have difference at home and abroad, electronic commerce researcher never with the angle gave numerous electronic commerce definition.The network marketing teaching website excerpts the definition that the part relatively has influence.

1.Electronic commerce expert, Li Qi, teaches in 《electronic commerce general outline (higher education publisher, September, 2004)》 to the definition(P13) of electronic commerce:

Divide the line the electronic commerce as the electronic commerce of the broad sense and the narrow sense first.The electronic commerce definition of broad sense BE, use various electronics tool is engaged in business or activity.These tools include from the telegram, telephone, broadcasting, television of entry-level and fax a calculator, calculator network and arrive NII(national information foundation structure-information superhighway) and GII(world information foundation structure) with modern systems like Internet,etc.But business activity from be suffused with the need activity of merchandise(real object and non- real object, merchandise with don't commercialize of production factor etc.) to the reasonable that was suffused with a merchandise, legal of the consumption removed all activities in typical production lines.Narrow sense electronic commerce definition BE, mainly make use of Internet is engaged in business or activity.Electronic commerce is at technique, economy height flourishing modern society in, control the person of information technique and business rule, systematize a ground of usage electronics tool, high-efficiency, low costly is engaged in take merchandise commutation as the generic name of central various activity.This analysis is outstanding the premise, center, point, purpose and standard of electronic commerce, point out the level and effect that it should attain, it is to electronic commerce more strict and embody ages to request of definition, it set out from the standpoint of system and emphasized person's position in the center in the system, environment and others, person and tool, person and labor object organically the contact got up and defined electronic commerce with the constituting of target, system of system and made thus it has a productive property.

2.Electronic commerce expert, Yang Jian, contends for a professor in 《electronic commerce foundation and application 》 version 4(electronics science and technology university in Xian publisher, January, 2004) to the definition(P13) of electronic commerce:

The electronic commerce refers to trade the party concerned or participation a person to make use of each kind of business activity that modern information technique and calculator network(mainly Internet) carries on, including goods trade, service trade and intelligent property right trade.

To the comprehension of electronic commerce, should 2 consider from"modern information technique" and"business".On the other hand, "electronic commerce" all"modern information technique" for reading included should cover various use electronics technique as basal correspondence method;Should do a broad sense explanation to"business" one phrase on the other hand, make it in spite of is aroused by all the relations of the business properties of a contractual type or a not- contractual type of various items.If see"modern information technique" as a statures gather, "business" sees do another son to gather, the scope overalied by electronic commerce should be these two statureses to gather form of hand over to gather, namely"electronic commerce" headline under probably extensively involve of Internet, internal net and electronics data commutation various use in the aspects of trading.

Answer 2

E-commerce so far there is no uniform definition of the same, this is the concept of e-commerce can easily lead to confusion one of the reasons. Different books at home and abroad, institutions have a different definition of e-commerce, e-commerce researchers from different angles gives the number of e-commerce definition. Internet Marketing Education Site extract part of the more influential definition.
1. E-commerce experts, Professor Li Qi in the "Introduction to E-Commerce" (Higher Education Press, September 2004) in the definition of e-commerce (P13):
First, e-commerce is divided into broad and narrow sense of e-commerce. E-commerce broadly defined as the use of a variety of electronic tools for business or activities. These tools range from elementary telegraph, telephone, radio, television, fax, computer, computer network, to the NII (National Information Infrastructure - Information Highway), GII (Global Information Infrastructure) and the Internet and other modern systems. The commercial activities are conducted from the Pan-goods (physical and non-physical, non-commercialization of goods and factors of production, etc.) activities to the needs of the Pan-goods, a reasonable, legitimate consumer to remove the typical post-production process of all activities.
E-commerce is defined as a narrow, mainly the use of Internet for business or activities. E-commerce is in technology, economy is highly developed modern society, access to information technology and business the rules of systematic use of electronic tools, high efficiency, low-cost commodity exchange as the center engaged in various activities of the general. This analysis highlights the premise of e-business, center, focus, purpose and standards, noting that it should reach the level and effectiveness, it is a e-commerce more stringent requirements of the times and reflect the definition of it from the system point of view, that human
In the system at the center of the environment and people, people and tools, man and object of labor organically linked with the system goals, system components to define e-commerce, making it productive in nature.
2. E-commerce experts, Professor Yang Jianzheng in the "e-business infrastructure and applications," fourth edition (Xi'an University of Electronic Science and Technology Press, January 2004) in the definition of e-commerce (P13):
E-commerce refers to transactions subject or participant use of modern information technology and computer networks (mainly the Internet) carried out various commercial activities, including trade in goods, trade in services and intellectual property trade.
The understanding of e-commerce, we should start "Modern Information Technology" and "commercial" two considerations. On the one hand, "electronic commerce" estimates included in concept of "modern information technology" should cover a variety of techniques based on the use of electronic means of communication; the other hand, "commercial" should be broadly interpreted to do so, whether contractual -type or non-commercial nature of the contractual relationship between all the various issues arising. If "modern information technology" as a subset of "commercial" as another sub-set of the coverage of e-commerce should be formed by the two sub-set of the intersection,
That is, "e-commerce" under the heading may be involved in a wide range of Internet, intranet and electronic data interchange in trade of the variety of uses.