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Question

在现代文明的今天，汽车已经成为人类不可缺少的交通运输工具。自从1886年第一辆汽车诞生以来，它给人们的生活和工作带来了极大的便利，也已经发展成为近现代物质文明的支柱之一。但是，我们也应该看到，在汽车产业高速发展、汽车产量和保有量不断增加的同时，汽车也带来了大气污染，即汽车尾气污染。
汽车尾气最主要的危害是形成光化学烟雾。
1943年，在美国加利福尼亚州的洛杉矶市，250万辆汽车每天燃烧掉1100吨汽油。汽油燃烧后产生的碳氢化合物等在太阳紫外光线照射下发生化学反应，形成浅蓝色烟雾，使该市大多市民患了眼红、头疼病。后来人们称这种污染为光化学烟雾。1955年和1970年洛杉矶又两度发生光化学烟雾事件，前者有400多人因五官中毒、呼吸衰竭而死亡，后者使全市四分之三的人患病。这就是在历史上被称为“世界八大公害”和“20世纪十大环境公害”之一的洛杉矶光化学烟雾事件。也正是这些事件使人们深刻认识到了汽车尾气的危害性 。
汽车排放的200多种有机化合物中，其中苯等多环芳烃类成分具有极强的致癌作用，在人体内具有长期积累效应。医学研究发现，短时间内吸入大量苯蒸气可引起急性中毒危及生命，长期反复接触低浓度的苯可引起慢性中毒。
数据资料显示，PM10浓度的增加与一系列人体健康负效应关系密切。美国科学家在犹他谷做流行病学研究时发现，空气中的PM10对人体健康状况产生了重要的影响，可导致患有心血管病、呼吸系统疾病和其他疾病的敏感体质患者的死亡。据估计，PM10导致了美国每年6万人和英国每年1万人的死亡。
通过筛查和综合分析，造成儿童铅中毒的因素主要是汽车尾气污染，由于汽车尾气铅尘多积聚在地面以上1米的范围，这正好是儿童的活动与呼吸带，它所引起的污染已成为儿童铅中毒的主要原因之一。
汽车尾气污染物主要包括：一氧化碳、碳氢化合物、氮氧化合物、二氧化硫、烟尘微粒（某些重金属化合物、铅化合物、黑烟及油雾）、臭气（甲醛等）。据统计，每千辆汽车每天排出一氧化碳约3000kg，碳氢化合物200—400kg，氮氧化合物50—150kg；美国洛杉矶市汽车等流动污染源排放的污染物已占大气污染物总量的90%。据国家环保总局预测，2005年我国机动车尾气排放在城市大气污染中的分担率将达到79%左右 汽车尾气可谓大气污染的“元凶”。
汽车尾气中一氧化碳的含量最高，它可经呼吸道进入肺泡，被血液吸收，与血红蛋白相结合，形成碳氧血红蛋白，降低血液的载氧能力，削弱血液对人体组织的供氧量，导致组织缺氧，从而引起头痛等症状，重者窒息死亡。  汽车尾气中的氮氧化合物含量较少，但毒性很大，其毒性是含硫氧化物的3倍。氮氧化合物进入肺泡后，能形成亚硝酸和硝酸，对肺组织产生剧烈的刺激作用，增加肺毛细管的通透性，最后造成肺气肿。亚硝酸盐则与血红蛋白结合，形成高铁血红蛋白，引起组织缺氧。
汽车尾气中的碳氢化合物有200多种，其中C2H4在大气中的浓度达0.5ppm（十万分之一）时，能使一些植物发育异常。汽车尾气中还发现有32种多环芳烃，包括3,4-苯并芘等致癌物质。当苯并芘在空气中的浓度达到0.012ug/m3时，居民中得肺癌的人数会明显增加。离公路越近，公路上汽车流量越大，肺癌死亡率越高。

Answer 1

Today, in modern civilization, the car has become an indispensable means of transport. Since the birth of the first vehicle since 1886, it brought to people's lives and greatly facilitated the work, but also has become one of the pillars of modern material. However, we should also note that the rapid development in the automobile industry, and maintain the continuous increase in the production of motor vehicles, the air pollution has brought automobile, automobile exhaust pollution. The main hazard is automobile exhaust to form smog. 1943, Los Angeles, California in the United States, 2.5 million cars burning off 1,100 tons of gasoline per day. After the combustion of hydrocarbons, such as gasoline ultraviolet rays of the sun under a chemical reaction, forming a light blue smoke, most people suffering from the city jealous, headache disease. Later, it was known as photochemical smog of this pollution. Los Angeles twice in 1955 and 1970 occurred photochemical smog, and more than 400 former featured poisoning, respiratory failure and death, the latter a city of three-quarters of the sick. This is the history to be called "the world's eight major hazard" and "20th Century 10 environmental hazards," Los Angeles smog in one of the incidents. It is a profound understanding of these incidents to the people of the dangers of automobile exhaust. 200 vehicle emissions of organic compounds, including benzene, a highly carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic ingredients, the human body is a long-term cumulative effects. Medical studies have revealed that a large number of benzene vapor inhalation a short period of time can cause life-threatening acute poisoning, the long-term repeated exposure to low levels of benzene can cause chronic poisoning. Data show that PM10 concentrations increased with a series of negative effects on human health closely. American scientists have done in Utah Valley epidemiological studies found that the PM10 air to have a significant impact on human health can lead to cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease and other diseases in patients with sensitive physical death. It is estimated that 60,000 PM10 lead of the United States and the United Kingdom each year 10,000 people died. Through screening and comprehensive analysis of childhood lead poisoning caused by automobile exhaust pollution is the main factor, as automobile exhaust lead dust accumulation in more than one meter above the ground, and that is exactly the children's activities with the breathing zone of pollution caused by it has become one of the major causes of childhood lead poisoning. Include automobile exhaust pollutants : carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and soot particles (some heavy metal compounds, lead compounds, smoke and oil mist), smell (formaldehyde). According to statistics, about 1,000 vehicles a day 3/hm emit carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons 200-400kg and nitrogen oxides 50-150kg; Los Angeles and other mobile sources of pollutants emitted by motor vehicles accounted for 90% of total atmospheric pollutants. According to the State Environmental Protection Administration predicted that in 2005 China's vehicle emissions in urban air pollution will reach 79% of the share of air pollution in automobile exhaust is the "culprit." Automobile exhaust the highest level of carbon monoxide, it can enter through the respiratory tract of gestation, the blood was absorbed, combined with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, lowering blood oxygen, blood weaken the oxygen supply of human tissues, resulting in tissue hypoxia, which led to headaches and other symptoms, or suffocation. The content of nitrogen oxides from automobile exhaust smaller, but highly toxic, toxicity is three times the sulfur oxides. Alveolar oxygen into nitrogen compounds, lead to the formation of nitrite and nitrate, a sharp stimulus to the lung tissue, increased pulmonary capillary permeability, leading to emphysema. Nitrite with hemoglobin, forming ferrihemoglobin caused tissue hypoxia. 200 species of hydrocarbons from automobile exhaust, C2H4 concentration in the atmosphere indicated to (1%), to enable some plants dysplasia. Automobile exhaust also found 32 species of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including 3,4 - benzopyrene and other carcinogenic substances. When the concentration reaches 0.012ug/m3 benzopyrene in the air, residents will have a marked increase in the number of lung cancer. More nearly away from the road, the greater the traffic flow on the highway, the higher the mortality rate of lung cancer.