实义动词词义完整,能独立作谓语,可分成:及物动词(transitive verb)和不及物动词(intransitive verb)。
1.及物动词要求有宾语
①Mr.Smith gave his wife twenty pounds for her birthday.史密斯先生给了他的妻子20英镑过生日。
②He asked the teacher a few questions.他向老师问了几个问题。
③We have friends all over the world.我们的朋友遍天下。
④Children and young people like bright colors.孩子和年轻人喜欢亮丽的颜色。
2.不及物动词不要求有宾语
① Most shops in Britain open at 9:00 A.m. and close at 5:00 or 5:30 in the evening .英国大部分商店九点开门,晚五点或五点半关门。
②George's father lives there.乔治的爸爸住在那里。
③Let's go home.我们回家吧。
④The examination ended at 11:30 A.m.考试上午十一点半结束。
3.特殊实义动词
英语动词很多既是及物动词又是不及物动词,如
close, begin, study, leave, work等。
①The post office closes at 9:00 p. m.邮局晚上9点关门。
②Close the window,please.请关窗。
③Shall we begin now?我们现在开始吗?
④ Bill began working as a sailor after he left school.比尔毕业后当水手。
⑤They left yesterday.他们昨天离开的。
⑥When did you leave Washington?你什么时候离开华盛顿的?
⑦The students study hard.这些学生学习努力。
⑧The students study English and German.这些学生学习英语和德语。
⑨He works in a supermarket.他在一家超市工作。
⑩He works the machine on Mondays.他星期一操作这台机器。
3。实义动词,也叫行为动词。就我们现在所学的内容来讲,实义动词所在的句子中一般不存在be动词。也就是在含有实义动词的句子变否定句或疑问句时,一定不能用be动词。那么,实义动词究竟怎样用呢?正如be动词随着主语的变化可变为am、is、are一样,实义动词在肯定句中,也要随着主语的变化而变化。当主语为第三人称单数he,she,it时,实义动词要变为相应的第三人称单数;当主语为非第三人称单数I,you(你),we,you(你们) they时,实义动词要用动词的原形。而在变否定句和疑问句时,不能直接在动词上变,而是要借助另一类动词:助动词do、does。
⑴肯定句:
① I have a blue book.
② He has a brother.
③ She wants to be a teacher.
④ They like to play basketball.
⑵否定句:主语+don’t/doesn’t+动词原形。其中do/does为助动词,是来帮助实义动词构成否定或疑问句的,但加了do/does后,其后面的动词必须用动词原形。
① I have a blue book.(变为否定句)→I don’t have a blue book.
② He has a brother. (变为否定句)→He doesn’t have brother.
③ She wants to be a teacher. (变为否定句)→She doesn’t want to be a teacher.
④ They like to play basketball. (变为否定句)→They don’t like to play basketball.
⑶一般疑问句:Do/Does +主语+动词原形+其他?句中加了do/does后,其后面的动词还是必须用动词原形。
① I have a blue book.(变为一般疑问句)→Do you have a blue book?
② He has a brother. (变为一般疑问句)→Does he have a brother?
③ My brother does his homework before supper. (变为一般疑问句)→Does your brother do his homework before supper?
④ She wants to be a teacher. (变为一般疑问句)→Does she want to be a teacher?
⑤ They like to play basketball. (变为一般疑问句)→Do they like to play basketball?
⑷特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?
① Your sister likes English best because it’s interesting.(对加粗部分提问)
→Why does your sister like English best?
② He does his homework before supper. (对加粗部分提问)→When does he do his homework?
注意:当含有and引导的短语在句中做谓语或宾语,我们把这类句子变否定句时,必须把and变为or.如:
⑴He can swim and dance. (变为否定句)→He can’t swim or dance.
⑵My father likes English and math. (变为否定句) →My father doesn’t like English or math.
⑸ but和except后。but前是实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to。
例如:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
比较:He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药,他什么都信。
实义动词have 的意义及其后各种结构的用法:
实义动词have 有不同意义, 它还可以构成不同的结构, 用来表达不同的意义。下面分别举例说明。
1. ① I have a lot of work to do. 我有很多工作要做。
此句中的have 作“有”讲, 后面的to do 是定语, 修饰名词work to do 与work 之间呈逻辑上的动宾关系, 因此to do后面不能再跟宾语。
② I am going to Beijing tomorrow. Do you have anything to be taken to your grandmother.我打算明天去北京, 你有什么东西要我给你祖母带去吗。
此句中的have 仍作“有”讲, 后面的to be taken to your grandmother作定语, 修饰anything. 从意义上讲, anything 只能是“明天被带给”你的祖母, 因此, 动词不定式应用被动形式。
2. The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father. 士兵们让那男孩背对他的父亲站着。
此句中的have 作“迫使”讲, 是个使役动词, 后面跟不带to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语。 “had the boy stand”相当于“let the boy stand”或“get the boy to stand”。
3. ① I’ve just had some photos taken. 我刚才照了几张照片。
② She had her leg broken in the match. 比赛中她摔断了腿。
③ We won’t have anything said against our motherland. 我们绝不允许任何人说祖国的坏话。
④ A week ago, I had a hundred dollars saved. 一星期之前我存了100美元。
“have sth done”结构中的过去分词作宾语补足语用,句①表示的是请别人照像, 相当于“asked somebody else to take some photos”或“got some photos taken”。句②中, 她在比赛中摔断腿是一种意外的不幸或灾难, 相当于“got her leg broken”。 句③表示不允许某件事发生。 宾语“anything”与“said”之间呈现逻辑上的被动关系。 句④中的had 有完成或解决某事之意。 存钱的不是别人, 而是句子主语自己。
4. The night before the procession, the two cheats had the lights burning all night long. 在游行的前一天夜里, 这两个骗子让灯通夜亮着。
“have sb/sth doing”表示“使某种情况发生”,其中的现在分词作宾语补足语用, 说明现在分词与宾语为主动关系。 其否定结构表示“不允许(不能让) 某种情况发生”之意。
例如: We won’t have you talking to Mother like that.
我们不允许你那样和妈妈说话。
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