1.补语跟着宾语表语跑:
补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。
把有宾补的句子变成被动语态,宾补就变成了主补。
To love others makes us happy…to love ourselves makes us lonely.(宾补)
We are made happy to love others…we are made lonely to love ourselves.(主补)
爱他人使我们幸福,爱自己使我们孤单。
2 定语,同位(语)专把名词踹:
定语,同位语修饰名词性形式
Experience is the best teacher.(被定语所修饰的形式为名词)
They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia.(同位语所修饰的形式为名词)
3 谓语动词由状语修饰
When you reach for the stars, you may not quite get one, but you won’t come up with a handful of sand either.
你想摘下天上的星星,可能一个也摘不下;但也不会一无所获。
1 主语:
(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。
如:The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实). / Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。)
(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。
如:It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。)
(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略:
(It is) nothing. ((那)没有什么。)/
(It) doesn’t matter. ((那)没有关系。) /
(I) thank you. ((我)谢谢你。)
(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词:
The man looks worried,doesn’t he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗?) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗?)
(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。
Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) (省略了主语) /
You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来。)
(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾;倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。
如:Computers are made in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂。) /
Where are they? (他们在哪儿?) /
Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗?)
(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)
(8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”。
2 谓语:
(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。
如:
He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。)
/ Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语?)
/ The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。)
(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成:[情态动词]+[时态助动词]+[语态助动词]+[主要动词](不一定全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表)
记住:谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。
如:
I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。)
/ He can’t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。)
/ Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreadingout. (该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)
(3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词1 + 原形动词”、“be + 原形动词”。 记住使用下列正确形式:
①情态动词+原形动词。
如:You’d better go over the lesson.(你最好复习这一课。)
②shall/ will/ would+原形动词。
如:They should have been there once.(他们应该去过那儿。)
③be+现在分词或者过去分词。
如:What are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什么?)/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。)
④have+过去分词。
如:Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(意思同上)
⑤一般时问句和否定句中:do/does/did+原形动词。如:He does not enjoy himself very much.(他日子过的不好。)
/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗?)
⑥行为动词1+行为动词2 (不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式)。
如:He made up his mind to be a vet.(他拿定主意要做个兽医。)
/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.(自尊自爱是享受生活的根本。)
/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”(他们叫醒家庭的其他成员,呼喊着:圣诞快乐!)
/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.(古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修建坚固的坟墓。)
(4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。
(5)谓语动词单复数形式:
单数形式的动词有:is,was,has,does以及“动词+s”;复数形式的动词有:are,were,have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。
谓语部分第一个动词的形式
单数形式
复数形式
一般现在时be(是)动词;
现在某些时态和语态的助动词be
am (单一); are (单二); is (单三);
are
一般过去时be(是)动词;
过去某些时态和语态的助动词be
was (单一); were (单二); was;(单三)
were
一般现在时have(有)动词;
现在完成时态的助动词have
have (单一); have (单二); has (单三);
have
一般现在时行为动词和助动词do
do (单一、单二); does (单三)
do
实意动词和连系动词的一般现在时动词(否定和疑问句除外)
原形动词(单一、单二); 动词+s /es (单三)
原形动词
其他各时态语态的谓语动词
单复数形式相同
记住:
主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致。
Air and water is necessary to us all.(空气和水对于我们大家是必不可少的。)
(6)一般问句和反意问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,do以及变形)。
如:The Olympic Games is held every two year, isn’t it? ----Yes, it is.(奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗?----是的。)
3、宾语
(1) 由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”。
如:
The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing
(那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。)(代词和名词充当两个宾语)
/ He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。)(不定式作宾语)
/ They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。)(动名词作宾语)
/ I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的。)(从句作宾语)
(2) 只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。
Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物动词,故加to。)
/ Can you hear anything exciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗?)
(3) 宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如:
What did he see? (他看见了什么?)
/ What does he write a letter with? (他用什么写的信?)
/ With what does he write a letter? (他
用什么写的信?)
(4)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。
如:Please put the shoes away. (请把鞋子收起来。)
/ Please put away the shoes. (请把鞋子收起来。)
/ Please put them away. (请把它们收起来。)
(5) 动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构:
①动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。
如:He often gives me some help. (他常常帮我。)
②动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make, buy, borrow时,介词用for.如: Please make me a kite. (请给我做个风筝。)或Please make a kite for me.
(6) 在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如:I found the job rather difficult. (我发觉这个工作相当难做。)
/ I found it rather difficult to do the job.
(7) 宾语可以由从句充当,详见“宾语从句”。
4、表语:
(1) 说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充当。
如:He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中毕业他当上了医生。)
/ The rubber wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在那边。)
/ He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重感冒。)
/ Who is it?(谁呀?)
(2) 表语只能放在连系动词
(如:be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,对表语进行提问的句子除外。
(3) 代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。
如:It’s I. (It’s me.)是我。
(4) 只能作表语的形容词有:sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。
He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。)
/ Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。)
/ I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是对独坐孤舟无所事事感兴趣。)
/ I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才这样想的。)
(5) 表语也可以由从句充当,详见“表语从句”。
5、定语:
(1) 修饰名词或代词的成分,常由形容词、名词(含所有格)、代词(物主、指示、疑问、不定)、介词短语、不定式(短语)充当,在初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定语的知识。
如:Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上层的抽屉里。)
/ France and Switzerland are European countries. (法国和瑞士是
欧洲国家。)
/ His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大学教师。)
/ This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(这是我一辈子难忘的日子。)
(2) 单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序:
冠词/
物代
年龄/形状/
大小/温度
色彩
来源
质地/
材料
目的/
用途
被修饰的名词(中心词)
a
the
my
his
…
old,young,…
red,
yellow,
blue,
…
Chinese,
English,
American,
…
wooden,
woolen,
glass,
silk,
paper
…
meeting,
tennis,
sports,
reading,
swimming,
…
box,
shoes,
room,
pig
…
long,short,
round, square…
big, large,
small, little…
hot, cold,
warm, cool…
(3) 时间副词(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地点副词(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定语时放在被修饰的名词后面。
如:I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那儿。)
(4) 介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面:The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (笼子里的猴子是昨天逮着的。)
(5) 形容词修饰复合不定代词时,往往后置。
如:He remembered everything unusual. (他记得所有不寻常的事情。)
(6) 定语还可以用从句充当,详见 定语从句。
(7) 注意:由于定语属于修饰性的成分,因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中,不作为句子的主要成分。
6、状语:
(1) 说明动作“何时”、“何地”、“如何”发生,或者说明形容词或副词的程度,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。
如:I was not born yesterday.(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。)
/ For many of these families a college education was something new.(对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物。)
/ He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒来发现房子着火了。)
/ You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开)
(2) 副词作状语位置较为灵活;介词短语作状语,位置基本固定;不定式作状语,一般表示目的、结果;从句作状语.
(3) 多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概念。
如:He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22点3刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中。)
/(4) 状语还可以用从句来充当,有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。详见“状语从句”。
(5) 注意:由于状语属于修饰性的成分,常归入谓语,因此不作为句子的主要成分。
7、宾语补足语:
(1) 补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语形式(不定式、现在分词、过去分词等)、介词短语等充当。
如:Call him Jim, please. (请叫他Jim。)
/ I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭尽所能让他开心。)
/ Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (请他明天来。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他让小动物们给他带食物来。)
(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。如:Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你说,让他进来!)
/ Please put it away. (请把它收起来。)
(3) 不定式或分词作宾语补足语
(1)不定式:
在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,
如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:
want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.
有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如:
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
(2)现在分词
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等.
例如:
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着.
到这里已经基本上把句子成分讲完了,以后有空还会再补充一些。
Have a nice weekend!
See you next time!
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