当代英语中,通常用
it
做形式主语,将不定式和动名词置于谓语后面,特别是主语较长时,
或在一些习惯用法中。
1
)
谓语是系表结构(
be +
形容词
/
名词)时,常将不定式后置,构成句型
“
it + be +
表
语(形容词
/
名词)
+
不定式”
。
例
1 It is my duty to care for that patient.
照料那位病人是我的职责。
(做主语的不定式
to care for that patient
后置,
it
为形式主语)
例
2 It is not an easy thing to master a foreign language.
掌握一门外语不是件容易的事。
例
3 It isn
’
t right to speak ill of someone behind his back.
在别人背后说坏话是不对的。
2
)
当谓语是
take
,
make
,
pay
,
cost
,
require
,
feel
,
need
等动词时,或者是与情绪有
关的动词
delight
,
amuse
,
excite
,
annoy
,
irritate
等时,习惯上常用
it
做形式主语,并将
不定式后置。
例
1 It takes only ten minutes to get there.
到那儿只需十分钟。
例
2 It pays to be honest.
诚实是不会吃亏的。
例
3 It feels good to stay away from the crowded city.
能远离拥挤的城市,感觉真不错。
例
4 It annoyed her to see someone spit on the ground.
看见有人随地吐痰让她很生气。
3
)
同不定式一样,动名词也可用于“
it + be +
表语
+
动名词”句型中,二者的区别可参
见
10
.
2
.
2
中
1
)的论述。下面两组句子没有多大差异。
例
1 A
)
It is a waste of time to argue with him
B
)
It is a waste of time arguing with him.
和他争辩是浪费时间。
例
2 A
)
It is worthwhile to discuss this again.
B
)
It is worthwhile discussing this again.
这一点值得在讨论一下。
4
)
但表语是
(
of
)
no use
,
not any use
,
not the slightest use
,
no good
,
not much good
,
fun
等时,常用动名词(不用不定式)做主语并后置,用
it
做形式主语。
例如
It
’
s no use crying over spilt milk.
覆水难收。
5
)
动名词还可在
there be
句型中做主语(不能用不定式)
,常见形式为
“
there is no +
动
名词”或
“
there is no / any +
名词
+
动名词”
。
例
1 There is no denying the fact.
事实无可否定。
例
2 There isn
’
t any use trying again.
再试也没用。
赞同
9|
评论
(1)
形式主语是动词不定式的一种
,
它也是逻辑主语
,
可以把它归类到逻辑主语的第一种
(
不定式
的逻辑主语
)
用作宾语的不定式,
用作目的状语,
用作结果状语的不定式都是属于不定式的
大概念里面的
.
形式主语
it
作为形式主语的
it
并无实际语义,只是为满足语法上的需要,避免句子头重脚轻,它代替
的是句子的逻辑主语,概括起来会有如下情况:
1.
句子的逻辑主语为不定式
如:
It is very kind of you to give me a hand in time.
It is my pleasure to address the meeting.
It was pretty hard for him to bring up the child on his own.
2.
句子的逻辑主语为从句
如:
It so happened that the tickets were sold out.
It is extremely obvious that she has been lying about her identity.
It suddenly occurred to me that the message must have been hidden
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