英语中的延续性动词和非延续性动词如何区分?

如题所述

英语中,动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和短暂性动词。 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如:stay, live, learn, study, work, wait, watch, sing, read等。 短暂性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow, buy, die等。 现在完成时常跟表示一段时间的时间状语,如“for +一段时间”、“since +时间点”、“during the past+一段时间 ”等,因此谓语必须是一种状态或表示延续性的动作,具体来说,它必须是延续性动词及其短语、短暂性动词及其短语的否定式,或表示状态的词或短语。 常用的短暂性动词与延续性动词的转换 buy---have get up---be up borrow---keep leave---be away from put on---be on go to town---be in town lose---be missing catch a cold---have a cold close---be not open open(v.)---be open(adj.) fall ill---be ill close---be not open come back---be back join---be in /be a member come to/arrive at(in)/reach/get to---be here/there begin/start to learn/study/work/teach --- learn/study/work/teach 

一、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念 英语中,动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如:learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。 终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。

二、延续性动词的用法特征 1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时,其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用。表示"段时间"的短语有:for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等。如:I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。 2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的"点时间"状语连用。如:It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词,而at eight表示"点时间",前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作,可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为:It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如: -When did you get to know Jack? -Two years ago. -Then you've known each other for more than two years. -That's right.

三、终止性动词的用法特征 1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此可用于现在完成时。如: The train has arrived.火车到了。 Have you joined the computer group?你加入电脑小组了吗? 2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续。因此,不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如: (1)他死了三年了。 误:He has died for three years. 正:He has been dead for three years. 正:He died three years ago. 正:It is three years since he died. 正:Three years has passed since he died. (2)他来这儿五天了。 误:He has come here for five days. 正:He has been here for five days. 正:He came here five days ago. 正:It is five days since he came here. 正:Five days has passed since he came here. (1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词,不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。

那么,应如何正确表达呢?可以采用下面的四种方法: (1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词,如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例:leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。 (2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。 (3)用句型"It is+段时间+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。 (4)用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。 3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以延续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如: He hasn't left here since 1986. I haven't heard from my father for two weeks. 4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用,构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型,意为"直到……才……"。如: You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了,你才能离开这里。 I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉。 5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中,但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词),也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程,从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如: When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词) Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语) 6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。如: 误:How long have you come here? 正:How long have you been here? 正:When did you come here?

延续性动词表示的动作不但可以延续,而且可以产生持久的影响。常见的这类动词有:be,have,keep,know,learn,lie,live,read,sing,sleep,stand,stay,wait,walk,watch等。延续性动词的用法很广,但常见于现在完成时中的句子中,且常与for,how,long,since等引导的表示一段时间的状语或状语从句连用。例如:
1.I have learned more than 1,000 Chinese words since I came to China.
自从来到中国,我已经学会了l,000多个汉字。
2.We have lived in Linqing since we came here.自从来到这儿,我们就一直住在临清
3.I have kept the picture for about three years.这张画我保存了大约三年。
延续性动词又称持续性动词,它所表示的是一种持续的动作。
延续性动词可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用

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第1个回答  2020-02-15
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