1. (1)
ask sb. for sth.
表示“向某人要某物”
He often asks his mother for money. We ask the police for help when we are in trouble.
(2) ask for sb. / sth. 表示“寻找 / 请 / 求见某人，要某物”Did anyone ask for me?
She asked for time to think all this over. I asked for a taxi to come at 8:00.
Could I ask for some water?
2. sometimes
表示时间频率的副词“有时”
some times“几次，几遍，几倍”
sometime 表示过去或将来的“某个时候”，指时间点
some time表示“一段时间”指时间段
(1) I will stay here for _______. (2) This call box was built _______ last year. (3) Let’s have a meeting _______ next week. (4) He _______ sends an e-mail to me. (5) Read it_______,oryou will forget it. (6) I’ll meet you _______ this afternoon.
(7) She was there _______ last year. (8) They will visit China _______ next year
(9) _______ I help my mother in the house. (10) He has been here for _______. (11) I have been to Beijing _______. (12) She _______ gets up very late.
(13) You will have a chance to visit Beijing _______ next year.
3. (1) frustrate及物动词“使沮丧、使失败” The exam results frustrated me. (过去式)
(2) frustrated形容词“灰心丧气的，沮丧的，受挫折的，失意的” I’m frustrated that I can’t speak English well. He is a frustrated singer.
4. too „ to „ “太„以至于不能„”表否定概念时，相当于“not „ enough to „”和“so „ that „”
(1) The boy is too young to go to school. = The boy is not old enough to go to school. = The boy is so young that he can’t go to school. (2) The book is too difficult for you to read. 另外“too „ to „”还可表示“做„太„”例如: We are too happy to see you here.
5. (1) learn of (about) „ 表示“了解到，得知„” We learned of the news this morning. We learned a little about this man
2) learn指“初学，学习”其目的是为了获得基础知识或技能，study主要指“学习或研究”
We have learned / studied English for almost 3 years.
Satellites are used by people for studying the universe. (研究) John is learning to drive a car.
(3) learn from „ 表示“向„学习，从„处获得信息” I learned from him that his mother was ill. (得知) What can we learn from the story? (4) study可表示“某人在„学习” Are you still studying at school?
6. (1) join“加入，参加”指加入某些人当中或参加某一政党，团体或组织等而成为其中一个成员
Where did your brother study before he joined the army? My elder sister joined the Party last year.
(2) join sb. (in „) 表示“和某人一起(做某事)” 同义：take part in 或be in
Will you join us?
He joined his wife in her study. Will you join us in a walk?
May I join in the game? (join in sth.) take part in多用于参加某项活动 = May I take part in the game?
(3) join为短暂性动词，其延续性动词为：be in „或be a member of „ He joined the army two years ago.
= He has been in the army for two years. = He has been a soldier since two years ago.
(4) join in和take part in都可表示“参加活动”但take part in更强调了参与性，特别是有众多人参加的活动
Many other students took part in (joined in) the cleaning. Twenty students from our class took part in the sports meeting. “积极参加”可说take an active part in或join actively in
7. (1) add “加，增加”短语结构：add „ to „ “把„加到„上，增加，添加”
The tea is too strong, add some hot water. She added some sugar to her tea.
The wonderful song added to our pleasure. If you add 3 to 7, you get 10. (2) add“补充说，又说，还说”
I would like to add that we are pleased with the result. “And don’t be late,” she added.
8. (1) mistake名词“错误”
I made lots of spelling mistakes in last exam. I took your umbrella by mistake. (错拿)
(2) mistake—mistook—mistaken动词“误解，错认” I mistook her for her sister. He has mistaken me. I mistook what she said.
9. (1) discover 表示“发现”有时可与find互换, 但在表示原先客观存在而不为人知的新发现，特别是科学上的发现时只用discover. They discovered an oil field.
(2) invent 是“发明”即创造原先没有的东西(工具、手段、方法) Who invented the telephone?
(3) look for 是“寻找”的动作和过程.
Are you still looking for your missing wallet?
(4) find 是“寻找”的结果即“找到、发现”通常指偶然发现. He can’t find his lost dictionary.
(5) find out 指通过观察、探索、调查出事物的真相“查明、弄清楚” Try to find out who was late for school this morning.
10. (1) start = build / open 创办，建立，成立 He started / opened his own computer company. (2) start 启程，动身
He started / left for Shanghai yesterday. (3) start 机器启动运转
Please show me how to start the computer. (4) start (名词) = beginning --- end
at the start / beginning of --- at the end of (5) start = begin to do sth. / doing sth.
11. (1) also一般位于系动词、助动词、情态动词之后，行为动词之前，用于肯定句中
He also plays football.
The boy is also good at spoken English(英语口语). He has also been to Mount Emei.
(2) too通常位于句末，用逗号隔开，用在肯定句中 I would like to go fishing on Sunday, too. (3) as well位于句末，不用逗号隔开，用在肯定句中 We have got that book as well.
(4) either用于否定句中，常位于句末，用逗号隔开，在肯定句变否定句时，要把also、too、as well变为either
You don’t know the answer. I don’t know the answers, either.
12. (1) be afraid of (doing) sth.“害怕(做)某事” He is very afraid of the teachers. Are you afraid of snakes?
Mrs. Brown is afraid of taking a ship.
(2) be afraid to do sth. “不敢做某事”由于缺少信心，勇气或由于胆怯而不敢去做某事
The girl is afraid to go out alone in the evening. Don’t be afraid to ask for my help.
(3) be afraid + that从句 “害怕某事情或恐怕” 常用来引出有歉意的回绝或不好的消息，表示一种委婉语气
I’m afraid that the train will be late. --- Can you lend me the book? --- I’m afraid that I can’t.
I’m afraid (that) I can’t go to your party. My mother is ill.
13. (1) have fun = enjoy oneself = have a good time “玩得高兴，过得愉快”
They had fun (in) playing happily in the park yesterday. = They enjoyed themselves in the park yesterday. = They had a good time in the park yesterday. (2) have fun (in) doing sth. “做某事很开心”
We are going to have fun (in) speaking English this term. We had lots of fun (in) helping others.
14. (1) trouble “麻烦”动词
I’m sorry to trouble you, but can you tell me the time?
I’m sorry to trouble you, would you please help me with the box? (2) trouble “麻烦”名词，其用法结构： have trouble (in) doing sth.
= have some problems (in) doing sth.
= have some difficulty (in) doing sth. “做某事有困难” Do you have trouble in talking to the foreigner?
She had some problems in getting to the top of the mountain. We had no difficulty in finding the house.
15. (1) help „ (to) do „ “帮助„做„” I helped him (to) find his lost things. (2) help (to) do „ “对做„有帮助” The light music helps (to) fall asleep.
(3) can’t help doing sth. “忍不住做某事” Mary couldn’t help laughing at Tom’s mistake.
(4) with the help of „ = with one’s help “在„的帮助下，借助于„” We can get a lot of information with the help of the Internet. With our teacher’s help, we have had great progress in English. She climbed up to the top of the mountain with our help. I can cut it into halves with the help of a knife. (5) help yourself / yourselves to „ “让某人随便自用„” Help yourself / yourselves to some chicken. (6) help sb. with sth.
I often help my classmates with their English.
16. And unless we deal with our problems, we can easily become unhappy. “除非„；否则„”unless 相当于 if „ not „ “如果不„，„” = And if we don’t deal with our problems, we can easily become unhappy. (1) You will miss the bus unless you hurry.
(2) I’ll be back tomorrow unless there is heavy snow. (3) You will fail in French unless you work hard.
(4) Don’t touch anything unless your teacher tells you to.
17. complain“抱怨，埋怨，诉苦”
She complained to me of his carelessness.
The old woman complained about her brother to the neighbour. He complained that he couldn’t find a job anywhere.
18. (1) too many修饰可数名词复数
I have too many books to read, I have no time to play. (2) too much修饰不可数名词
It cost too much money, so I couldn’t buy it. (3) much too修饰形容词和副词
This desk is much too heavy, so I can’t move it. It’s very dangerous to drive a car much too fast.
19. (1) try to do sth. “努力做某事” Please try to find out who broke the window. Please try to finish the work before 2 o’clock. (2) try doing sth. “尝试，试着做某事”
You’d better try using another way to work out this math problem. Try doing more exercise, you’ll soon lose weight. (3) try hard to do sth. “努力干某事” He tried hard to swim to the bank.
(4) try (= do) one’s best to do sth. “尽某人最大努力做某事” You should try your best to learn English well. (5) try + 宾语从句
Try whether you can jump across the stream (小溪). The students are trying which method can work better.
20. (1) think about表示“思考，考虑或对„有某种看法”相当于think of He is thinking about / of going to Australia for a holiday. What are you thinking about / of? (思考，考虑)
hat do you think about / of this novel? (认为„怎么样) (2) think of另有“想到，想起，想出”之意 Who thought of the good idea? (想出)
I can’t think of his name at present. (remember) He always thinks more of others than himself. (关心) (3) think over“反复仔细思考”
I have thought over this problem for a long time. 注意：about和of为介词，可以说: think about / of it over为副词，只能说: think it over
21. (1) We have no coffee. Would you like tea instead? (2) instead of表示“代替”
Let’s play cards instead of watching TV. He’ll go instead of you.
They went there on foot instead of by bus. He’ll go to Italy instead of France.
22. quickly着重指某动作“迅速”地发生或完成，具有即刻行动，毫不耽搁之意。
fast着重指某动作进行速度“快”，无即刻发生和迅速完成之意。
soon表示“不久或很快”指未来发生某个动作或情况，或过去很短的时间内发生了某个动作或情况。
(1) He quickly got up and went on running. (2) Trees and grass grow very fast in spring. (3) They’ll be back soon.
23. voice指“人的笑声，歌声或说话声”强调嗓音 noise指“各种吵杂声，噪音，吵闹声” sound指“任何声音”
(1) Her voice is very sweet.
(2) He talked with me in a low voice. They shouted at the top of their voice.
(3) Don’t make any noise, the baby is sleeping. (4) Light travels faster than sound.
24. (1) realize“意识到，知道，了解，察觉，领会”后接名词，代词及从句 Does the boy realize his mistake?
I’ve realized the importance of learning English. We realized that only he could solve the hard problem. At first I didn’t realize what he meant.
(2) realize还有“实现(希望，计划)”的意思，为及物动词，相当于make „ come true
Did the writer realize his hopes at the end of the story?
You are sure to realize your dream as a great singer sooner or later. 而come true为不及物动词 At last his dream came true.
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