哪位大能能帮我翻译一下下面的英文

Question

DEMAND PULLS, KNOWLEDGE AND ERANDE: SOME EVIDENCE FROM CIS 3
Although it has been shown that knowledge capital is highly concentrated in a minority of European regions, it is highly unlikely that all the knowledge required for innovation can be found within a single region. The UK, for example, conducts some 5% of world R&D. Thus the vast majority of all R&D is conducted not just outside any given region but outside the national economy altogether.
Second, if it is accepted that codified knowledge can
be transmitted quite easily around the globe, then the kinds of industry that rely most on such knowledge are the least likely to rely on mainly local sources. So the
more scientific industries that rely on scientific papers
and patents may be involved in less localized knowledge spillovers than those that rely more on learning by doing (HOWELLS, 2002). The pharmaceutical industry is an example of the former while some types of engineering provide examples of the latter.
Third, ALLEN, 1977, showed that R&D exchanges exhibited far fewer distance decay effects when they involved intra-group communication within the framework of strong organizational bonds. In other words, the growing prevalence of multinational and multisite firms provides important vehicles for transferring research and knowledge (BLANC and SIERRA, 1999). Knowledge and information obtained in one plant can be transferred relatively easily from there to another
site belonging to the same firm. Where this is a branch plant operating in a peripheral region, such (FELDMAN, 1999). Several studies have adopted this
long distance knowledge transfers may be much more significant than anything gained from within the branch plant’s locality.
Fourth, the ability of companies to scan knowledge sources is strongly related to the size of the firm (HOWELLS, 2002). Larger firms will have more experience of research and greater knowledge capacities. As a result it may well be that reliance on local knowledge resources and spillovers is much more a small firm characteristic than a limiting factor for larger firms.
我出这么多的分 是因为这个东西还是挺重要的 所以不想要在线翻译

Answer 1

你好 以下为本人手工制作 若有翻译得不好的地方还请多多见谅

DEMAND PULLS, KNOWLEDGE AND ERANDE: SOME EVIDENCE FROM CIS 3
需求拉动，知识和ERANDE（抱歉这个词真查不到）：一系来自独联体3的证据

附：CIS 独联体（其他的意思和本文章的关系更小，估计就是这个意思）

Although it has been shown that knowledge capital is highly concentrated in a minority of European regions, it is highly unlikely that all the knowledge required for innovation can be found within a single region.
尽管众所周知，知识资本在欧洲的小部分地区高度集中，但创新所需的所有知识却绝不可能只在一个单独地区找到。
附： knowledge capital 知识资本；知识资产
innovation n. 革新, 创新, 改革; 新制度; 新方法; 新事物

The UK, for example, conducts some 5% of world R&D.
例如英国，作了约占世界百分之五的研究与开发工作。

附：R D (Research and Development)
R D, 研究和开发, 公司里开发新技术的部门

Thus the vast majority of all R&D is conducted not just outside any given region but outside the national economy altogether.
因此，绝大多数的研究与开发工作不只是在上述地区之外完成，更是在整个国民经济之外完成的。

Second, if it is accepted that codified knowledge can
be transmitted quite easily around the globe, then the kinds of industry that rely most on such knowledge are the least likely to rely on mainly local sources.
第二点，如果“编码知识在全球范围内都能便捷地传播”这件事能够（为人们）所接受的话，那么那些对此类知识依赖最多的产业则是最不可能依赖当地资源的产业。

附：codified knowledge 编码知识

So the more scientific industries that rely on scientific papers
and patents may be involved in less localized knowledge spillovers than those that rely more on learning by doing (HOWELLS, 2002).
所以，那些更加科学化的依赖于科学论文和专利的企业与那些依赖于实干而学习的企业来比，也许会更少的介入本地化的知识溢出效应。（豪尔斯，2002年）

The pharmaceutical industry is an example of the former while some types of engineering provide examples of the latter.
医药工业是前者的一个例子，而一些种类的工程企业则是后者的一些例子。

Third, ALLEN, 1977, showed that R&D exchanges exhibited far fewer distance decay effects when they involved intra-group communication within the framework of strong organizational bonds.
第三点，艾伦于1977年展示了当研发交流在强有力的有组织的结合框架下涉及团队内部交流时，展现出要小得多的距离衰减效应。

In other words, the growing prevalence of multinational and multisite firms provides important vehicles for transferring research and knowledge (BLANC and SIERRA, 1999).
换句话说，国际的和多站点的公司之日益发展之情形为传递研究成果和知识提供了重要渠道。

Knowledge and information obtained in one plant can be transferred relatively easily from there to another site belonging to the same firm.
（例如）由一个工厂获得的知识和信息可以相对容易地从那里传递到另一个属于本公司的工厂。

Where this is a branch plant operating in a peripheral region, such (FELDMAN, 1999).
而那里则是一个在周边地区进行操作的分支工厂。（费尔德曼，1999）。

Several studies have adopted this long distance knowledge transfers may be much more significant than anything gained from within the branch plant’s locality.
一些研究已经采纳（这种观点，认为）这种长距离的知识传输也许比任何从那个分支工厂从周边地区所获得的信息还要重要得多。

Fourth, the ability of companies to scan knowledge sources is strongly related to the size of the firm (HOWELLS, 2002).
第四点，公司浏览审视知识资源的能力和公司的规模紧密相关。（豪厄尔斯2002年）

Larger firms will have more experience of research and greater knowledge capacities.
大公司会有更多的研究经验和知识能力。

As a result it may well be that reliance on local knowledge resources and spillovers is much more a small firm characteristic than a limiting factor for larger firms.
因此，对于当地知识资源和溢出的依赖很可能更是一个小公司的主要特点而非大公司的限制因素 。

希望能帮到你

Answer 2

楼上的你专业？？你在线翻译都不会！骚皮！别人最少还帮了忙的！那像你就他妈会叽歪！~现在网上到处是你这样的垃圾！

Answer 3

明显是在线翻译,都不成句子,也好意思往上放

Answer 4

需求拉动，知识和ERANDE：来自独联体三部分证据
虽然已经证明，知识资本是一个高度集中的欧洲地区的少数，这是极不可能对所有的知识创新需要一个能够be single region内发现。例如英国，进行约5％的世界研发因此，所有研发的绝大多数是刚刚进行的特定区域以外的任何国家以外的经济，但并不完全。
第二，如果大家都同意，可以整理的知识
世界各地传送很容易，那么产业的种类依赖于这些知识大多是最有可能依靠的主要是本地的来源。因此，
更多的科学论文依靠科学产业
和专利可能涉及不到那些依靠在实践中学习更多（豪厄尔斯2002年）的本地化知识外溢。制药业是前者的例证，而有些类型的工程提供了后者的例子。
第三，李鹏飞，1977年，表明研发展示交流少得多距离衰减的影响时，参与集团内部坚强的组织范围内的债券框架沟通。换句话说，多国和多站点企业日益普遍，为进一步将研究和知识（布兰克和塞拉利昂，1999年）的重要工具。一个工厂的知识和取得的资料可以比较容易地从那里转移到另一个
站点属于同一家公司。凡本是一分厂在周边地区活动，例如（费尔德曼，1999）。几项研究已经采用了这一
长途知识转移可能比任何东西更重要的从内部得到分厂的所在地。
第四，企业能够扫描的知识来源是密切相关的公司规模（豪厄尔斯2002年）。规模较大的公司将有更多的经验，研究和更多的知识能力。其结果很可能是因为当地的资源和知识外溢的依赖更小公司比大公司的一个限制因素的特点。