定语从句
relative pronoun
antecedent (先行词) + + relative clause
名词/代词 relative adverb
Eg. These are the rules which help to make the roads safe.
Three functions of the relative pronouns or adverbs:
1 Used as a conjunction (引导定语从句)
2 Refer to the antecedent (指代先行词)
3 Perform a function in the relative clause (在从句中担当一定的成分)
关系代词充当主语或宾语; 关系副词充当状语
关系代词充当宾语时关系代词可省略;主语时不可省
Eg. These are the rules which help to make the roads safe.
which在从句中充当主语
She is the girl (who/whom/that) I met the other day.
(who/whom/that)在从句中充当宾语
关系代词的选择规则
1．由先行词决定：
先行词是物 which that
先行词是人 who whom that whose
2. 由关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分决定：
Which that who 主语
Which that whom 宾语
whose (of which / of whom) 定语
关系副词
关系副词=介词+which; 充当时间,地点和原因状语
when=on, in, at …+ which
where=on, in, at …+ which
why=for + which
e.g. He went back to the hotel where he stayed.
= He went back to the hotel at which he stayed.
= He went back to the hotel (which) he stayed at.
Compare the following sentences:
I'll never forget the day when/on which you jumped into the water to save me.定语从句缺状语
I will never forget the days which / that we spent together last summer.定语从句缺宾语
This is the factory where/in which my father works.
This is the factory which/that I visited yesterday.
This is the reason why/for which he was late again.
This is the reason which/that he gave me for his being late again.
关系代词与关系副词的区别
在定语从句中充当的成分不同:
关系代词充当主语或宾语
关系副词充当状语
介词+关系代词:
紧跟在介词后的关系代词的选择:
先行词指物 which
先行词指人 whom
介词的选择:
与先行词的搭配
Eg. The bed is the one in which he slept.
= The bed is the one (which) he slept in.
与定语从句中不及物动词的搭配
Eg. Who is the man with whom you shook hands just now?
= Who is the man (whom )you shook hands with just now?
两种类型的定语从句:
1 限定性定语从句:
She has two sons who are soldiers.她有两个当兵的儿子.(或许她有不止两个儿子)
2 非限定性定语从句:
She has two sons, who are soldiers.她有两个儿子, 他们都是当兵的. (她只有两儿子)
限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别:
限定性定语 非限定性定语
和先行词关系密切 和先行词关系不密切
(删掉后影响整个意思的表达)(是一种补充说明删掉后不影响整个意思的表达)
不用逗号隔开 一般使用逗号隔开
可用关系代词that 不可用关系代词that
关系代词在从句中担任宾语时可以省略 关系代词不可以省略
关系代词可以替代 关系代词不可以替代
读时不停顿 读时停顿、用降调
只修饰先行词 可修饰主句或主句一部分
关系代词的选择
which & that
which 和that 都可替代先行词指物,在限定性定语从句中充当主语或宾语,可以互相替换.但是在一些特定的情况下两者不能替换.
只能用that 的情况:
先行词是形容词最高级或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时
Eg. Tibet is the most beautiful place that he has visited.
先行词是个序数词或者它的前面有一个序数词时
Eg. This is the last film that I want to see.
先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, nothing, none, the one 等代词时
Eg. That’s all that I want to tell you.
先行词前有only, any, few, little, much, no, all, the very 等词修饰时
Eg. This is the very book that he is looking for.
先行词既有人又有物时,用that
Eg. Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about.
主句是There be开头的句子且先行词是物时,用that
Eg. There is still a lot that you don’t know.
主句已有疑问词who或which时
Eg. Who is that boy that is looking after the sheep.
有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个则用that
Eg. My brother bought a present which is a beautiful watch that cost him a lot.
只可用which的情况:
在非限定性定语从句中,先行是物,关系代词只能用which
Eg. China, which is a developing country, has a large population.
关系代词前有介词时
Eg. 1) This is the hotel in which we stayed.
2) This is the hotel which/that we stayed in.
如果先行词是整个主句,关系代词指代整个句子时
Eg. He told lies again, which made his mother very angry.
有两个定语从句,其中一句的关系代词是that,为了避免重复,另一句则用which引导
Eg. My brother bought a present which is a beautiful watch that cost him a lot.
who or that:
先行词是人，且从句缺主语时，关系代词既可是who也可是that,在下列情况下只能用who:
先行词是one, ones, anyone, those ，she, he, they时
Eg. Those who haven’t got a ticket are not allowed to let in.
如果一个句子有两个定语从句,其中一个由that引导,那么为了避免重复,另一个句子则由who引导
Eg. The man that is talking to Tom is our class teacher who is very kind to us.
There be 开头的句子中,先行词指人时
Eg. There is a child who is begging on the street.
先行词有较长的后置定语时
Eg. I met an old friend in the street this weekend who I haven’t seen for a long time.
as 引导定语从句:
as可以代替which 指代整个主句, 但置于句首时通常用as而不用which
Eg. As is known to all, to relax ourselves is important.
such… as… “像…一样的” “像…之类的”
the same… as… “和…同样的”
Eg. 1) Don’t trust such a man as overpraises you to your face.
2) China is not the same country as it was ten years ago.
Than引导的定语从句
The boy has eaten more food than is good for his health.
Never give him more money than is necessary.
He drank more beer than had been his custom.
There is more to it than meets the eye.
She is a girl than whom no one is more selfish.
定语从句中需注意的事项:
1 定语从句的时态不受主句时态的限制
The man who I met yesterday is my uncle.
2 先确定关系代词(既先行词)的人称和数,从而确定定语从句中谓语动词的单复数
I, who am a teacher, must work hard.
*one of + n. (pl.) + 关系代词 + v.(复数)
the (only) one of + n. (pl.) +关系代词 + v.(单数)
Eg. 1) He is one of the boys who like basketball.
2) He is the only one of the boys who likes basketball.
* what = anything that 不引导定语从句
Tell me anything that you know. (定语从句)
Tell me what you know. (宾语从句)
3. 定语从句和名词性从句的区别：
1．定语从句有先行词，主语从句，表语从句和宾语从句没有先行词．
Eg. 1) This is what you need. 2) This is the book that you need.
2．That引导同位语从句,只起引导作用,不充当任何成分,在定语从句中,不但引导从句且充当主语或宾语
Eg. 1) The news that the leader will come here is not true.
2) The news that you told me last week is not true.
4. 限定性定语从句中，关系代词的省略
1．关系代词在从句中担当宾语时
Eg. 1) The TV program (which/that) I like best is cartoon.
2) The person (whom/that) I am looking for is not in.
2．关系代词在从句中做介词的宾语，且介词在句尾
Eg. 1) This is the school (which/that) I study in.
2) He is the person (whom/that) I am looking for.
5. 先行词是the way“方式”，在从句中充当方式状语时
This is the way(that/ in which)he studies English.
6. the same + n. + as
the same + n. + that
She is wearing the same coat as you wore yesterday.同一款式的大衣,但不是同一件
This is the same wallet that I lost yesterday.就是同一只钱包
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