第1个回答 2010-05-19
姓名: 范成大
又名: 号石湖居士 字致能
性别: 男
生卒年: 1126—1193
所属朝代: 宋代
所属文学时期: 宋代文学
同时期作家: 刘克庄 姜夔 戴复古 陈亮
作家生平
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范成大
范成大(1126～1193)
南宋诗人。字致能，号石湖居士。吴郡（今江苏苏州）人。父范雩,宣和五年进士,南宋绍兴十一年(1141)为秘书省正字，终秘书郎；母蔡氏是北宋著名书法家蔡襄的孙女。
生平范成大幼年时期受到良好的教育，遍阅经史，善为文章。17岁时，曾应诏赴礼部献赋颂。次年，父亲病故，他抚养弟妹，直到妹嫁，才重操学业，专意科举。后在昆山荐严寺随乐备学习，并加入他们的诗社。绍兴二十四年(1154)，中进士。绍兴二十六年起，任徽州司户参军，后得洪适的荐举，被召入杭，监太平惠民和剂局，历任馆职。孝宗乾道二年(1166)升吏部员外郎，因言者论其越级提升，被免职还乡。
乾道四年，起知处州。次年，被召入朝，任礼部员外郎，年底升起居舍人。乾道六年，孝宗令范成大为特使，赴金国改变接纳金国诏书礼仪和索取河南“陵寝”事。范成大相机折冲,维护了宋廷的威信，全节而归,并写成使金日记《揽辔录》和著名的72首纪事诗，深得孝宗的器重和信任,回朝后即升任中书舍人。乾道七年,孝宗欲用佞臣张说，范成大拒不草制，曾使孝宗为之变色。成大乃请领闲职返回苏州。
乾道九年，前往静江任广西经略安抚使。淳熙元年(1174)改知成都府，任四川制置使。淳熙四年，权礼部尚书，五年正月知贡举兼直学士院，四月参知政事，两月后被谏官以私憾弹劾，罢职归里。淳熙七年起知明州兼沿海制置使；八年，改知建康府兼行宫留守。淳熙十年因病辞归，时年58岁。此后10年隐居石湖。
诗歌成就范成大是一个关心国事、勤于政务、同情人民疾苦的士大夫。他的基本政治理想是儒家的“仁政”和“民本”思想,认为“民惟邦本，本固邦宁”,要想富国强兵,必先安民,“省徭役、薄赋敛、蠲其疾苦”（《论邦本疏》）。在一些奏札中，他力劝孝宗要节省人力、国力，珍惜时间，整顿军纪，训练士卒，慎用刑罚，打击贪吏，以强兵复国为大志。在为地方官时，或尽力铲除弊端、整顿军备，或救灾赈济、兴修水利，为减轻农民负担、解除士兵疾苦作了努力。与此相应，他的忧国恤民的一贯思想在其诗歌创作中得到了充分的体现。
范成大的诗，以反映农村社会生活图景的作品成就最高。他的田园诗概括地描绘了封建社会农村的广阔生活，把《诗经·七月》以来的农事诗、陶潜以来的赞颂农村生活恬静闲适的诗和唐代诗人的一些反映阶级压迫的农家词、山农谣一类作品结合在一起，成为中国古代田园诗的集大成者。
范成大涉世甚早，对农村生活的艰辛有较深的了解，20多岁就写下了一些描绘农村生活景象的诗，如在《大暑舟行含山道中》一诗里，他便表现了“遥怜老农苦”的情感；在《乐神曲》中，写的是农民为丰年有粮交租、免受鞭笞而感到侥幸；《缲丝行》写姑嫂煮茧、缲丝、卖丝的繁忙劳动；《催租行》则描述了农民输租完毕后，吏胥上门勒索的情景。在徽州为官时，他又写下了著名的《后催租行》，诗作对南宋赋敛之重、官吏煎逼之酷和百姓受难之深作了形象的描绘。后来在杭州、桂林、成都等地及家乡,他又写下了大量的农村题材的诗,如《刈麦》、《插秧》、《晒茧》、《采菱户》、《芒种后积雨骤冷三绝》、《围田叹》等。其中如《黄罴岭》写巢居山农的非人处境，发出“安得拔汝出”的呼声；《劳畲耕》由“峡农”刀耕火种，勉强果腹，写到“吴农”因官租私债相逼而“逃屋无炊烟”;《夔州竹枝歌》9首继承《竹枝词》专咏风土人情的传统而又注入新的内容：有烧畲种豆的农夫，有背着孩子采桑茶的农妇，还有着绣衣罗裳的富商大贾；而富者自饱，农家自贫：“东屯平田□米软，不到贫人饭□中”；揭示贫富悬殊，抨击官吏凶残,同情人民苦难的思想,自始至终贯串在范成大的诗中,直到晚年退居石湖时,他还在《冬舂行》、《秋雷叹》、《咏河市歌者》等作品里，对下层贫民的悲惨生活予以深切的同情。在《雪中闻墙外鬻鱼菜者求售之声甚苦有感三绝》中,诗人宣称:“汝不能诗替汝吟！”真实地说出他为民生疾苦而呼叫的创作意图。
范成大晚年作的组诗《四时田园杂兴》，是他田园诗的代表作品，这60首七言绝句分别描绘了春、夏、秋、冬四季不同的田园情景，凡农家生活环境、季节气候、风土民俗、耕织、收获及苦难与欢乐等，都得到了真切生动的展现。“蝴蝶双双入菜花，日长无客到田家。鸡飞过篱犬吠窦，知有行商来买茶。”“昼出耘田夜绩麻，村庄儿女各当家。童孙未解供耕织,也傍桑阴学种瓜。”作者用平易如话的语言描绘出了一幅幅农家耕织图。然而这些图画并非历代隐居者所向往的世外桃源，而是充满痛苦和辛酸的现实社会的生动写照。“垂成穑事苦艰难，忌雨嫌风更怯寒。笺诉天公休掠剩，半偿私债半输官。”“采菱辛苦废犁锄，血指流丹鬼质枯。无力买田聊种水,近来湖面亦收租！”这些诗,同样对农民的苦难倾注了深厚的同情。诗人在画图中还忠实地再现了贫家的“欢乐”:“小妇连宵上绢机,大耆催税急于飞。今年幸甚蚕桑熟,留得黄丝织夏衣”；“村巷冬年见俗情,邻翁讲礼拜柴荆。长衫布缕如霜雪，云是家机自织成。”观察之细密，笔力之深刻，高出以前写同类题材的诗人。这一组诗对南宋以后的田园诗产生了很大的影响。
范成大在当时属主战派人物，他的诗中也充满了爱国思想。早在未官时，他就写过“莫把江山夸北客，冷云寒水更荒凉”（《秋日二绝》）的名句，对南宋小朝廷向金国使者夸耀残山剩水的昏聩行径予以批评。此后的许多作品，如《胭脂井》、《合江亭》等，都是借描写山川形胜，抒发爱国情怀的佳作。出使金国时写的72首七绝，更是集中地表现了他的爱国思想。“平地孤城寇若林，两公（唐张巡、许远）犹解障妖□。大梁襟带洪河险，谁遣神州陆地沉？”（《双庙》）“州桥南北是天街，父老年年等驾回。忍泪失声询使者，几时真有六军来？”（《州桥》）这些诗篇通过题咏沦陷区的山川古迹，谴责了宋朝统治者的昏庸误国，为中原父老传达了盼望收复失地的心声，有的诗篇还记载了金国贵族统治下的人民的悲惨遭遇。为官桂林时，作者在《癸水亭落成》诗中写道：“愿挽江流接河汉，为君直北洗□枪。”更体现了他对祖国统一、收复失地的信心和远大志向。晚年重病之中，他还在《题张戡蕃马射猎图》诗里抒发了他对金人的痛恨；《题夫差庙》一诗，则对南宋朝廷偏安一隅、耽于享乐、残害忠良表示不满，表现了他关心国运、盼望统一的心情。
范成大诗歌题材丰富，风格多样。他广泛学习前代的大诗人，受苏轼的影响最大。他的诗风，因创作背景不同而几经变化：早年未中举时和为官初期还没有脱离模仿阶段，他的反映民生疾苦的诗多效张籍、王建等人，一些成功的作品大都有切直劲峭的特点，这在以后出使金国途中写的72首绝句中得到了最好的体现。徽州后期的写景诗如《番阳湖》、《回黄坦》等描写细密、语言工致，已露出清丽精雅诗风的端倪。为官桂林和成都时期，由于饱览山川之神秀壮美，其诗境界开阔、诗藻华赡，以清峻瑰丽为特色，五言诗尤为突出。晚年隐居石湖时期诗风渐趋温丽秀婉、圆润优美，以七言诗尤其是七言绝句最为擅长。范成大学习苏轼，于其清旷、雄伟等方面均有所得,但由于艺术修养不及,他在豪迈、飘逸方面距苏稍远，一些诗作显得气韵不足，略欠浑成。他在苏轼未甚着意的五言诗上下了功夫，并吸收了他所擅长的辞赋的一些特点，取得了较大的成功。但同时也发展了苏轼诗中爱用典、逞才学、押险韵等缺点，晚年多病时用僻典佛典写病态的诗作和一些禅偈似的六言诗尤不足取。和陆游与杨万里相比，范成大受江西诗派的影响较小，但其诗仍不免有南宋时期注重锻造、务奇逞怪的习气。范成大墨迹
文赋及词的创作范成大的文、赋在当时也享有盛名。早年所作《馆娃宫赋》借吴王夫差信用□佞、残害忠良、沉溺声色之事暗讽时事，一时传诵。《桂林中秋赋》对月抒怀，境界清旷。他的政论、奏章皆能切中时弊，据理力陈，不为空言，不邀虚名，侃侃而谈，有一种从容不迫的气韵。如《论日力国力人力疏》、《论邦本疏》等都是代表作。这些政论文大都篇章短小，语言平实,很少用典,在宋代奏疏中很有特色。他的记叙文字成就也很高，中年时写的《三高祠记》为纪念范蠡、张翰、陆龟蒙三位隐逸之士而作，文章开头盛赞三人的高风亮节，中间却掉转笔锋，对世人多希冀归隐，不问国事表示了沉痛的感叹，被周密称为“天下奇笔”，流传甚广，获誉很高。他的山水游记长于随物赋形，善传动态，深得柳宗元笔法，其两篇故意效仿苏轼《赤壁赋》而作的《泛石湖记》，更是以柳之笔，写苏之意，独造清丽秀雅之境，属宋代山水游记中的佳作。另外，他的几篇祭文如《祭亡兄工部（范成象）文》等，也写得真挚感人。
范成大也擅长词作，今存词近百首。其词早年多写柔情相思,如〔南柯子〕《七夕》、《霜天晓角》等,情长意浓，逼近秦观；〔醉落魄〕凄清幽冷，宛如晏□道。中、后期作品更近于苏轼，如〔水调歌头〕《燕山九日作》豪宕激越，〔水调歌头〕“万里筹边处”气韵沉雄；〔念奴娇〕“双峰叠嶂”放达尘外。其清旷之处，尤与张孝祥类似，如〔满江红〕“柳外轻雷”、〔念奴娇〕“吴波浮动”几乎可与《于湖词》中佳作相混。至于〔浣溪沙〕写“茅店竹篱开席市，绛裙青袂□□田”，〔蝶恋花〕“江国多寒农事晚,村北村南，谷雨才耕遍”,则清新明快，可与他的田园诗媲美。
范成大兴趣广泛，他的《揽辔录》记述出使金国时的所见所闻，具有多方面的史料价值。赴任桂林和离蜀归乡时所作的《骖鸾录》、《吴船录》，记述山川形胜，风土人情,考订传闻,转述异事，不仅可资考证，游记色彩也很浓厚。《桂海虞衡志》所记载的桂林岩洞、器具、饮食、物产和民俗史料，对研究广西地方史和西南民族史尤为珍贵。其中关于鸟兽、花果、草木、虫鱼的记载，和他晚年所作的《菊谱》、《梅谱》一样，也是自然科学史研究的重要资料。所著《吴郡志》50卷，是中国最早的具有正式规模的地方志之一，历来都为历史学家所重视。范成大在书法上也有很高的造诣，岳珂《宝真斋法书赞》称其书法“笔劲体遒，可广可狭”，明王世贞也称其“书法出入眉山、豫章间，有米颠笔，圆熟遒丽，生意郁然”（《□州山人四部稿》卷一百三十），与张孝祥并称为南宋前期书法两大名家。
范成大《石湖大全集》136卷，佚。《石湖居士诗集》34卷,系从《全集》中抽出，最后1卷为辞赋；有明弘治活字本、清康熙顾氏及黄氏刊本。《石湖词》1卷，有《□村丛书》本。上海古籍出版社1981年校刊本《范石湖集》上下册，将其诗集和词集合刊后附清人沈钦韩集注3卷。中华书局1983年出版孔凡礼辑《范成大佚著辑存》。《揽辔录》1卷，《骖鸾录》1卷，《吴船录》2卷，有《知不足斋丛书》本。《梅谱》1卷、《菊谱》1卷，有《百川学海》本。上五种均收入《丛书集成》。《桂海虞衡志》1卷，有《知不足斋丛书》本。《吴郡志》50卷，有《择是居丛书》本。
第2个回答 2010-05-19
Hello! Welcome to the existing shek wu scenic spot. It is located in jiangsu province, suzhou ancient city about 4.5 km southwest. "A few is on three sides by mountains and beautiful scenery of the". Called wuzhong scenic spot. Is the national scenic taihu landscape of fame 13. When autumn for coordinating noble king wu yue, ii to the battlefield. Scenic area is divided into existing shek wu, ShangFangShan, wu, scholars, money transfer, dock, home on seven JingQun etc. In jinwan Originally existing shek wu tai wan, because a man in the JinBing hewn stone, the foot on suzhou. We are now ShangFangShan national forest park. Here you can see our detailed map area. Now please follow me, in front of us is to draw a temple, the old temple, and LiangTian arris gadamer years (A.D. 80 years prison) monk method, first built SongZhiPing mirror (AD), with nianhao 1064 fame, renamed to draw the temple. In front of us is TianWangDian, which holds the four major Kings, commonly known as the four masters. Represents the good crop weather. Out of the temple, one TianWangDian within three years of the ginkgo tree age above, more than 10 meters high, trunk ZhouChangSan meters. Now we can see the left for spring, a water-hole which after the protector of hewn, and to control the army, for drinking, the male Wells. The qing emperor qianlong six times, six to existing shek wu, near gin-san area when he stopped to flat temple is a land. We can see again go higher daxiong baodian, located bear is the Lord's. There is 16 arhat, on the topic "water plaque for" is chengcheng view of royal emperor qianlong copies. Now please follow me, here is the existing shek wu Ming tong, wen indtoduce the king, for WangChong, ShangZhen, often in the gathering. Wen levy, tang Ming TiE harmonica for books. In this set five generations a memorial temple, five people. Please follow me, in front of us is tea mill, lantau SunWuXi soldiers for kendo, so "shoot, cliff" two characters, is given SongXiaoZong YuBi FanChengDa. Then came a buddhist temple and stone temple, was founded in chao sound song, and mountain cliffs, cut out to build a high kuan Yin, six cubits, expression distinct. Many times, after retaking kuan Yin dynasty between cliff for survivors. The qing emperor qianlong, inscribed board near gin-san area when the door and write "sweet brahman antithetical couplet" may force compassion, WenSiYuan should tide dew temple ". GuanYinDian still couplet of pillars. GuanYinDong has carved kylin, meaning SongZi kylin, SongZi avalokitesvara. Right "small" is DouMu tiantai JinXian wu that book for books. GuanYinDong GuanYinGe has two walls have guanyin twelve method. Located on the right of the mount mill is tea house near gin-san area when the second existing shek wu emperor qianlong, the fishermen, after watching the existing shek wu write the fishing is fishing, song song royal monuments in the house of judah. This porch house and adjacent tea mill mountain, compose a room Fang drought, known as the image on Fang tablet, now still save - 13 (1924) the rebuilt stone buddhist temple of mountain in room. We saw the Lin walked plum blossom is FanWenMu male shrine was founded in MingZhengDe fourteen years (1520), YuZhengDe formally inaugurated in fifteen (15), by LuYong to commemorate the four FanChengDa one song. The original book "SongXiaoZong royal royal monuments, pastoral existing shek wu" for three ShiBei FanChengDa, like the treasure of the temple. Now the only 60 FanChengDa calligraphy on the Ming dynasty the noise of the rural ShiBei 4 carefully. FanGong temple and the existing shek wu says, in Ming dynasty, tang Ming literati ShenZhou, on such land wit reading paint. Now for the protection of cultural relics in suzhou. An introduction of our sites, now is dissolved, several sets. Wish you have a good time. Bye-bye.
第3个回答 2010-05-19
hello!
I am a tour guide, English is not very good. Next week I take a foreigner to lead the lakers ~ ~ translate for me. Don't like Chinese so complicated, simple point
Home! Welcome to the existing shek wu scenic spot. It is located in jiangsu province, suzhou ancient city about 4.5 km southwest. "A few is on three sides by mountains and beautiful scenery of the". Called wuzhong scenic spot. Is the national scenic taihu landscape of fame 13. When autumn for coordinating noble king wu yue, ii to the battlefield. Scenic area is divided into existing shek wu, ShangFangShan, wu, scholars, money transfer, dock, home on seven JingQun etc. In jinwan Originally existing shek wu tai wan, because a man in the JinBing hewn stone, the foot on suzhou. We are now ShangFangShan national forest park. Here you can see our detailed map area. Now please follow me, in front of us is to draw a temple, the old temple, and LiangTian arris gadamer years (A.D. 80 years prison) monk method, first built SongZhiPing mirror (AD), with nianhao 1064 fame, renamed to draw the temple. In front of us is TianWangDian, which holds the four major Kings, commonly known as the four masters. Represents the good crop weather. Out of the temple, one TianWangDian within three years of the ginkgo tree age above, more than 10 meters high, trunk ZhouChangSan meters. Now we can see the left for spring, a water-hole which after the protector of hewn, and to control the army, for drinking, the male Wells. The qing emperor qianlong six times, six to existing shek wu, near gin-san area when he stopped to flat temple is a land. We can see again go higher daxiong baodian, located bear is the Lord's. There is 16 arhat, on the topic "water plaque for" is chengcheng view of royal emperor qianlong copies. Now please follow me, here is the existing shek wu Ming tong, wen indtoduce the king, for WangChong, ShangZhen, often in the gathering. Wen levy, tang Ming TiE harmonica for books. In this set five generations a memorial temple, five people. Please follow me, in front of us is tea mill, lantau SunWuXi soldiers for kendo, so "shoot, cliff" two characters, is given SongXiaoZong YuBi FanChengDa. Then came a buddhist temple and stone temple, was founded in chao sound song, and mountain cliffs, cut out to build a high kuan Yin, six cubits, expression distinct. Many times, after retaking kuan Yin dynasty between cliff for survivors. The qing emperor qianlong, inscribed board near gin-san area when the door and write "sweet brahman antithetical couplet" may force compassion, WenSiYuan should tide dew temple ". GuanYinDian still couplet of pillars. GuanYinDong has carved kylin, meaning SongZi kylin, SongZi avalokitesvara. Right "small" is DouMu tiantai JinXian wu that book for books. GuanYinDong GuanYinGe has two walls have guanyin twelve method. Located on the right of the mount mill is tea house near gin-san area when the second existing shek wu emperor qianlong, the fishermen, after watching the existing shek wu write the fishing is fishing, song song royal monuments in the house of judah. This porch house and adjacent tea mill mountain, compose a room Fang drought, known as the image on Fang tablet, now still save - 13 (1924) the rebuilt stone buddhist temple of mountain in room. We saw the Lin walked plum blossom is FanWenMu male shrine was founded in MingZhengDe fourteen years (1520), YuZhengDe formally inaugurated in fifteen (15), by LuYong to commemorate the four FanChengDa one song. The original book "SongXiaoZong royal royal monuments, pastoral existing shek wu" for three ShiBei FanChengDa, like the treasure of the temple. Now the only 60 FanChengDa calligraphy on the Ming dynasty the noise of the rural ShiBei 4 carefully. FanGong temple and the existing shek wu says, in Ming dynasty, tang Ming literati ShenZhou, on such land wit reading paint. Now for the protection of cultural relics in suzhou. An introduction of our sites, now is dissolved, several sets. Wish you have a good time. Bye-bye.
第4个回答 2010-05-25
邶地有位有七个孩子的母亲不能安分的守妇道。七个孩子自怨自艾，希望能挽回他们母亲的心。有诗人写了《凯风》用来表示怜惜之情。我国从尼不楚条约到旅顺大连的租让，先后丧失的土地，失去了祖国的护养，被外族虐待，推测他们的悲哀之情，大概比《凯风》所怜惜的七子更悲伤吧，于是选择那些与中华关系最亲密的七块土地，为它们写作诗歌各一章，来抒发它们孤苦却无处诉说，及眷恋祖国的哀伤，也用来激励国人奋发图强、振兴祖国。国家疆土沦丧，时间已经很长了，国人看到却很漠然。难道没有看到那法兰西的Alsace-Lorraine吗？“精诚所至，金石能开”。果真能像这样，中华“七子”的归来难道不是早晚的事吗？ Hello! Welcome to the existing shek wu scenic spot. It is located in jiangsu province, suzhou ancient city about 4.5 km southwest. "A few is on three sides by mountains and beautiful scenery of the". Called wuzhong scenic spot. Is the national scenic taihu landscape of fame 13. When autumn for coordinating noble king wu yue, ii to the battlefield. Scenic area is divided into existing shek wu, ShangFangShan, wu, scholars, money transfer, dock, home on seven JingQun etc. In jinwan Originally existing shek wu tai wan, because a man in the JinBing hewn stone, the foot on suzhou. We are now ShangFangShan national forest park. Here you can see our detailed map area. Now please follow me, in front of us is to draw a temple, the old temple, and LiangTian arris gadamer years (A.D. 80 years prison) monk method, first built SongZhiPing mirror (AD), with nianhao 1064 fame, renamed to draw the temple. In front of us is TianWangDian, which holds the four major Kings, commonly known as the four masters. Represents the good crop weather. Out of the temple, one TianWangDian within three years of the ginkgo tree age above, more than 10 meters high, trunk ZhouChangSan meters. Now we can see the left for spring, a water-hole which after the protector of hewn, and to control the army, for drinking, the male Wells. The qing emperor qianlong six times, six to existing shek wu, near gin-san area when he stopped to flat temple is a land. We can see again go higher daxiong baodian, located bear is the Lord's. There is 16 arhat, on the topic "water plaque for" is chengcheng view of royal emperor qianlong copies. Now please follow me, here is the existing shek wu Ming tong, wen indtoduce the king, for WangChong, ShangZhen, often in the gathering. Wen levy, tang Ming TiE harmonica for books. In this set five generations a memorial temple, five people. Please follow me, in front of us is tea mill, lantau SunWuXi soldiers for kendo, so "shoot, cliff" two characters, is given SongXiaoZong YuBi FanChengDa. Then came a buddhist temple and stone temple, was founded in chao sound song, and mountain cliffs, cut out to build a high kuan Yin, six cubits, expression distinct. Many times, after retaking kuan Yin dynasty between cliff for survivors. The qing emperor qianlong, inscribed board near gin-san area when the door and write "sweet brahman antithetical couplet" may force compassion, WenSiYuan should tide dew temple ". GuanYinDian still couplet of pillars. GuanYinDong has carved kylin, meaning SongZi kylin, SongZi avalokitesvara. Right "small" is DouMu tiantai JinXian wu that book for books. GuanYinDong GuanYinGe has two walls have guanyin twelve method. Located on the right of the mount mill is tea house near gin-san area when the second existing shek wu emperor qianlong, the fishermen, after watching the existing shek wu write the fishing is fishing, song song royal monuments in the house of judah. This porch house and adjacent tea mill mountain, compose a room Fang drought, known as the image on Fang tablet, now still save - 13 (1924) the rebuilt stone buddhist temple of mountain in room. We saw the Lin walked plum blossom is FanWenMu male shrine was founded in MingZhengDe fourteen years (1520), YuZhengDe formally inaugurated in fifteen (15), by LuYong to commemorate the four FanChengDa one song. The original book "SongXiaoZong royal royal monuments, pastoral existing shek wu" for three ShiBei FanChengDa, like the treasure of the temple. Now the only 60 FanChengDa calligraphy on the Ming dynasty the noise of the rural ShiBei 4 carefully. FanGong temple and the existing shek wu says, in Ming dynasty, tang Ming literati ShenZhou, on such land wit reading paint. Now for the protection of cultural relics in suzhou. An introduction of our sites, now is dissolved, several sets. Wish you have a good time. Bye-bye.