非谓语在句子中怎么用的

Question

如题所述

Answer 1

非谓语动词

　　在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。

1）不定式
时态\语态　　　 主动　　　　　　被动　　　　　　　　　
　一般式　　　　to do　　　　　 to be done
　 完成式　　　 to have done　　to have been done

2）动名词
时态\语态　　　 主动　　　　　　被动　　　　　　　　　
　一般式　　　　doing　　　　　being done
　完成式　　　　having done　　having been done

3）分词
时态\语态　　　 主动　　　　　　被动　　　　　　　　　
　一般式　　　　doing　　　　　being done
　完成式　　　　having done　　having been done　 　　

　　否定形式： not +不定式，　not + 动名词，　not + 现在分词

1. 下面短语中的to是介词，后面只能跟名词或动名词：
devote oneself/one’s time, energy, etc. to(投入……)，get down to(着手干……)，lead to (通向，导致)，object to(反对)，pay attention to (注意)，look forward to (盼望)，be used to (习惯于)，stick to (坚持)等。
［误］ His whole family objected to his give up the job.
［正］ His whole family objected to his giving up the job.

2. 下列动词后只能跟不定式：
afford, agree, ask, attempt, choose, decide, hope, expect, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish等。
［误］ He offered helping me.
［正］ He offered to help me.

3. 下列动词或动词短语的后面只能跟动名词：
admit(承认)，appreciate, avoid, can’t help(禁不住)， stand(忍受)， consider (考虑，打算)，enjoy, escape (躲避)，excuse, finish, give up, imagine, insist on, mind, miss（错过）, practise, put off, risk, set about, suggest(建议)等。
［误］ He admitted to break the window.
［正］ He admitted breaking the window.

4. 下列动词后既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词，但含义不同：
forget to do (忘记了要干什么) forget doing (忘了干过的事情)
regret to do (指当时或现在遗憾地做什么) regret doing (后悔做了什么事情)
try to do ( 试图干) try doing (尝试干)
stop doing (停止干) stop to do (停下来去干另一件事情)
mean to do (打算干) mean doing (意味着干)
go on to do (继续去干另一件事情) go on doing (继续干同一件事情)
［误］ He regretted to hurt his best friend.
［正］ He regretted hurting his best friend.
［析］表示"后悔干过……"，regret后跟动名词。

5. 下列动词后跟带to的不定式作补语：
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish等。
［误］ My father had expected me going to college.
［正］ My father had expected me to go to college.
［析］"期望某人干……"是expect sb. to do sth.。

6. 下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作补语，但在被动语态中要加上to：
make, let, have, see, hear, watch, notice, feel, look at, listen to等。
［误］ The boy was made wash the truck as a punishment.
［正］ The boy was made to wash the truck as a punishment.

7. 在easy, difficult, hard, interesting, pleasant等形容词后的不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。
［误］ I find the article difficult to be understood.
［正］ I find the article difficult to understand.

8. 在be worth, want, need, require后用动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。
［误］ The plant needs be watered.
［正］ The plant needs watering.
［析］need to be done=need doing,动名词主动形式表被动。

9. 由不及物动词构成不定式且不定式与其有逻辑上的动宾关系时，动词的后面需加适当的介词补充说明前面的名词或代词。
［误］ He is well prepared for the exam and has nothing to worry.
［正］ He is well prepared for the exam and has nothing to worry about.
［析］worry是不及物动词，且与前面的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，因此后面需加介词。

典例调研

例1］ Having passed all the tests , she felt a great weight taking off her mind .taking→taken。此句的意思是"通过了所有的测验，她感到去掉了一块心病"。weight 与take off 是动宾关系，所以用过去分词形式，taken off 在句中作宾语补足语。

［例2］In spite of his breaking English ,he can make himself understood.
breaking→broken。broken English 表示不连贯的英语。

［例3］I didn’t go to visit the Science Museum on National Day but I hope it soon.
it→to。 为了表达简练，我们可把不定式中的动词和后面的部分省略，而仅仅保留不定式符号to。

［例4］ The new college graduate insisted on sent where he was most needed.
sent前加being。 insist 一词后接从句或on doing 短语，动词send和主语graduate 是动宾关系，所以需用动名词的被动式。

【指导·借鉴】

　　非谓语动词具有灵活多变的特点，大家在判断使用何种非谓语动词形式时，可遵循以下规律：

1. 对比时间：对照谓语动词的时间，确定非谓语动词的时态形式
非谓语动词的各种时态形式都是依据句子的谓语动词的时态形式而变化的。一般情况下，如果非谓语动词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，我们就用不定式的一般式；如果表示动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行，我们就用现在分词的一般式或不定式的进行式；如果表示动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，我们就用现在分词、不定式或动名词的完成式（特殊情况下，也可用动名词的一般式）。

2．辨明逻辑：从非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系判断非谓语动词的语态
如果非谓语动词的逻辑主语是非谓语动词动作的发出者，即两者之间存在主谓关系，就用非谓语动词的主动式；如果逻辑主语是非谓语动词动作的承受者，即两者之间存在动宾关系，就用非谓语动词的被动式。

3. 两方面结合，判断时态、语态混合形式
有些非谓语动词的形式把时态和语态的变化融合在一起，这时，我们可以把上述两方面结合起来判断。在非谓语动词的逻辑主语是非谓语动词动作的承受者的情况下，a)如果非谓语动词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，就用现在分词的被动式；b)如果动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，就用不定式的被动式；c)如果动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，就用现在分词、动名词或不定式的完成被动式。

强化闯关

1. No computers so far having built can have the same ability as human brains.

2. Guiding by a belief that computers would be valuable tools on every office desktop and in every home, Bill Gates began developing software for personal computers.

3. When Mrs. White goes back to her home after class, she expects Jane, her daughter, to being working at her desk.

4. Never lost faith in himself, the scientist was determined to carry on with the research, no matter what others said.

5. Having worn out after a long walk, Helen called and said that she couldn’t come to the party.

6.Most of the students, surprising at the way the question was put, didn’t know how to answer it.

7. So far, several cases of a disease, knowing as bird flu, are reported to have been found in the country.

8. Everything taking into consideration, they ought to have another chance.

9. If the work be completed by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.

10. The Olympic Games take place in Beijing in 2008 will surely attract reporters of all countries.

答案及解析：

1. 去掉having。 过去分词作后置定语，在本句中表被动概念。

2. Guiding→Guided。过去分词作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句Because he was guided... (因为受……引导)。

3. being→be。to be working 是动词不定式的进行式, expect sb. to be doing..., 意为 "期待某人正在干……"。

4. lost→losing。现在分词的否定式作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句Because he never lost...，注意现在分词的否定式是在分词的前面加not或never。

5. 去掉Having，worn中的w改为大写。worn out为过去分词作原因状语，表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前已经存在的状态，相当于原因状语从句Because she was worn out...,wear sb. out 意为使某人筋疲力尽。

6. surprising→surprised。过去分词作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句because they were surprised...。

7. knowing→known。过去分词作后置定语，known as意为"被称为……，作为……被人知道"。

8. taking→taken。过去分词构成的独立主格结构作条件状语。Everything taken into consideration相当于条件状语从句If everything is taken into consideration(假如把一切考虑在内的话)。

9. be前加to。由时间状语by the end of this month以及动词complete和句子的主语work的关系判断，应用不定式的被动式作后置定语，表示将来的被动动作。

10. take 前加to。不定式作后置定语，表示将来要发生的动作。注意take place无被动形式，也不能用其过去分词作定语、状语等。