英语8年级下学期语法

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Unit 1 How often do you exercise?
(人教新课标)

【重要词汇概览】
◆ ever adv. 曾经
◆ once adv. 一次
◆ twice adv. 两次
◆ Internet n. 互联网
◆ program n. 节目单, (电脑)程序
◆ result n. 结果, 成果
◆ translate v. 翻译
◆ song n. 歌曲
◆ junk n. 垃圾, 破烂物,废弃的旧物
◆ milk n. 牛奶
◆ interviewer n. 采访者
◆ habit n. 习惯,习性
◆ difference n. 不同,差异,区别
◆ grade n. 分数,成绩,年级
◆ although conj. 虽然,即使,纵然
◆ unhealthy adj. 不健康的, 不益健康的
◆ skateboarding n. 溜滑板运动

【重要词组概览】
◆ how often 多久一次
◆ as for 至于, 关于
◆ junk food 垃圾食品
◆ eating habit 饮食习惯
◆ of course 当然
◆ look after 照顾, 照看
◆ start with 以……开始
◆ make a difference 使得结果不同,有重要性
◆ go shopping 去购物
◆ have a party 聚会
◆ go to the movie 去看电影
◆ once a week 每周一次
◆ hardly ever 很少
◆ twice a week 每周两次
◆ three times a week 每周三次
◆ watch TV 看电视
◆ on weekend 在周末
◆ do homework 做作业
◆ a lot of 许多
◆ try to do 试图(努力)做某事
◆ help sb (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事
◆ the same as 和……相同
◆ keep in good health 保持身体健康

【语法知识聚焦】
一般现在时 The Simple Present Tense

一般现在时表示现在的状态
He is twelve. 他十二岁。
They are at home. 他们在家。

表示经常性或习惯性的动作
I go to school at seven every day.
He plays soccer on Sundays.

表示主语具备的性格和能力等
She likes apples.
They speak Japanese.
She is medium build.

肯定式
I am a cleaner.
You are right.
He / She / It is here.
We / You / They are outgoing

否定式
I am not a…
You are not…
He / She / It is not…
We / You / They are not…

否定式和疑问式
We go to school at seven every day.
We don’t go to school at seven.
Do you go to school at seven?
Yes, we do.(No, we don’t.)

否定式和疑问式
He goes to school at seven every day.
He doesn’t go to school at seven.
Does he go to school at seven?
Yes, he does.(No, he doesn’t.)

一般现在时常和表示时间频度的副词连用。
如:
often, usually, sometimes, always, never, hardly ever等。

1. I often read books in the evening
2. Do they usually go to school by bike?
3. He doesn’t like milk. He never drinks it.
4. Sometimes my mother gets back at five.

一般现在时常和以下时间表达法连用。
如:
in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at noon, at night,every day,on Sunday(s), at seven 等。

Do they have math in the morning?
She sleeps nine hours every night.
It takes me two hours to do my homework every day.
They don’t have classes on Sundays.

动词第三人称单数的构成:
1、直接加--s
look—looks read—reads
play—plays stop—stops

2. 在字母s, x,ch,sh,o后加--es
miss—misses fix—fixes
watch—watches wash—washes
go—goes do--does

3. 辅音字母加y结尾的动词去y为i,再加--es
carry – carries study – studies
hurry – hurries cry – cries

4.特殊的
have -- has

Unit 2 What's the matter? (人教新课标)

【重要词汇概览】
◆ matter n. 事情, 问题, 差错
◆ arm n. 臂,胳膊
◆ back n. 后背,背脊
◆ ear n. 耳朵
◆ eye n. 眼睛
◆ foot n. 脚,足 (pl. feet)
◆ leg n. 腿,腿部
◆ neck n. 脖子,颈部
◆ nose n. 鼻子
◆ stomach n. 胃,胃部
◆ tooth n. 牙齿(pl. teeth)
◆ sore adj. 疼痛的
◆ stomachache n. 胃痛,腹痛,肚子痛
◆ throat n. 喉头,喉咙
◆ toothache n. 牙痛
◆ fever n. 发烧
◆ lie v. 躺,卧,平放在某处 (lay, lain)
◆ honey n. 蜂蜜
◆ dentist n. 牙医
◆ illness n. 疾病,生病
◆ advice n. 劝告,忠告,建议
◆ thirsty adj. 渴的,口渴的
◆ heal v. 医治,治愈
◆ balance n. 平衡,平衡状态,协调
◆ might aux.v. 可能,可以,允许 (may 的过去式)
◆ beef n. 牛肉
◆ lamb n. 小羊,羊羔,羊羔肉
◆ energy n. 精力,活力,能力
◆ life n. 生命,人生
◆ bean n. 豆,豆科植物
◆ stray v. 远离,走失,离题
◆ balanced adj. 平衡的,协调的
◆ diet n. 饮食,节食
◆ backache n. 背痛
◆ improve v. 改善,改良,提高
◆ speaking n. 口语
◆ headache n. 头痛
◆ homestay n. 待在家里
◆ important adj. 重要的,重大的,严重的

【重要词组概览】
◆ have a cold 患感冒
◆ stressed out 紧张的,有压力的
◆ bean sprout 豆芽
◆ get tired 感觉疲惫
◆ stay healthy 保持健康
◆ at the moment 此刻,现在
◆ on the other hand 另一方面
◆ get a cold 患感冒
◆ see a dentist 看牙医
◆ go to the party 去参加聚会
◆ make sb sick 使某人不舒服(患锁病)
◆ have a sore throat 嗓子痛
◆ have a fever 发烧,发热
◆ have a toothache 牙痛
◆ have a backache 背痛
◆ have a headache 头痛

【语法知识聚焦】
看病需要和医生交流,这是英语口语中必不可少的内容。从医生询问病情,病人诉说病情,到医生检查、诊断和医嘱,这些环节最常用的语句,同学们必须掌握。

一、医生询问病情的常用语句:
1. What's wrong/the matter (with you)? 你怎么了?
What's your trouble, young man? 年轻人, 你哪里不舒服?
When did it start? 从何时开始生病的?

2. How are you (feeling) now? 你现在觉得怎么样?
Are you feeling better today? 你今天好些了吗?

3. Have you got a headache/a cough? 你头痛/咳嗽吗?

4. When did you feel unwell? 你什么时候觉得不舒服的?

5. When did the pain start? 疼痛何时开始的?

6. Did you sleep well? 你睡得好吗?
Do you feel tired? 你觉得疲劳吗?

7. How long have you been like this? 你像这样有多久了?

8. Did you eat anything for breakfast? 你早饭吃了什么没有?

二、病人诉说病情的常用语句:
1. I don't feel very well. / I'm not feeling well. 我感到不舒服。

2. I have (got) a headache. 我头痛。
I have a sore throat. 我嗓子痛。
I have a backache. / I have a pain in my back. 我后背痛。
There's something wrong with my leg. 我的腿有毛病了。

3. I feel terrible. 我感到很难受。
I feel even worse. 我感到情况更糟了.

4. I don't feel like eating anything. 我什么都不想吃.

5. I dream too much. 我的梦特别多.
I can't fall / be asleep in the evening. 晚上我睡不着.

6. It began two days ago. 两天前开始的.

7. I don't feel any better now. 我感觉没有什么好转.

8. I had noodles for lunch today. 今天午饭我吃的是面条.

三、医生检查、诊断和治疗的常用语句:
1. Open your mouth and say "Ah---'. 张嘴说 "啊---- ".

2. Let me take your temperature. 让我给你量量体温.

3. There's nothing much wrong / serious with you. 你没什么大问题.

4. You have got a bad cold. 你患了重感冒.

5. You have to be in hospital. 你得住院.

6. You'd better stay in bed for a few days. 你最好卧床几天.
You'd better not eat too much sugar. 你最好别吃太多的糖.
Eat less food and take more exercise. If you do that, you'll feel much healthier.
少吃些,多锻炼,不久你的身体就会健康得多.
Drink more water. 多喝水.
You should drink a lot of water. 你应该多喝水。
Have a good rest. 好好休息.

7. Take one of these pills twice a day. 这些药每次服一片,每天两次.
Take the medicine after meals. 饭后服药.

8. You'll soon be all right. 你很快就会康复的.
I hope you feel better soon. 我希望你很快就会好起来。
Try to relax before you go to sleep. 睡觉前尽量放松一下。

Unit 1 Welcome Back(人教版老教材)

【单元重点】

1、词组

(1) call one's name 点名 (2) Teachers' Day 教师节

(3) this term 这学期 (4) on time 按时

(5) give a talk 作报告 (6) think about 考虑

(7) talk about 谈论 (8) between…and 在(两者)之间

(9) full name 全名 (10) given name 名字

(11) be different from 与……不同 (12) be short for 是…简称(写)

(13) buy sth. for sb. 为某人买东西 (14) many times 多次

2、交际用语

(1) Welcome back to school! 欢迎回校!

(2) It doesn't matter. 没关系。

(3) Please be on time! 请按时(到校)!

(4) Happy Teachers' Day! 教师节快乐!

(5) Here's a card for you with our best wishes.

(6) That's a good idea. 好主意

(7) Thank you for… 为…而感谢…

(8) Why don't you…? 为什么不…?

(9) What are you going to do? 你们(你)打算干什么?

3.考试点

a、贺卡、贺词的写法。 b、英国人名的顺序及与称呼的搭配和简称。
c、一般现在时与现在进行时。 d、一些固定词组及交际用语。

【重难点分析】

1. Good morning / Good afternoon. 早上(上午)好/下午好!
Good morning是人们在早上或上午某个时间见面时的一句问候语,对方应答仍用Good morning。多用于比较正式的场合。
Good afternoon! 下午好! 通常用于午后见面双方互相问好的常用句型。对方回答也用Good afternoon!

2. Welcome back to school! 欢迎回到学校!欢迎返校!
这是一句交际用语
welcome 的基本含义是"欢迎",在这里作感叹词,表示一种亲切的招呼,例如:
Welcome to China! 欢迎到中国来!

3. teacher, sir, madam, Mr., Mrs.与Miss的用法
teacher 是一种职业,不能作为称呼。我们可以说Mr. Wu,但不能说Teacher Wu。
Sir 可作为尊称来称呼老师,如:Thank you, sir. 类似的还有madam, Miss, Mrs.和Mr.。

madam意思是"小姐"、"夫人"、"女士",一般单独使用,不与人的姓连用。而Miss和Mrs.,则必须和人的姓连用,不能单独使用。我们可以说,Good morning, madam!(夫人,你好!)Good night, Miss/Mrs. Wu! (吴小姐/吴太太,晚安!)不可说Good morning, Miss/Mrs.! 或Good night, Madam Wu!而称呼男士的sir与madam用法相同,Mr.与Miss/Mrs.用法相同,例如:

Did you buy a ticket, please, sir? 先生,你买票了吗?
Mr. Green went to Shanghai last week. 格林先生上星期去上海了。

4. 序数词

第一~第三 第四~第十二 第十三~第十九 第二十~第九十
1st first 4th fourth 13th thirteenth 20th twentieth
2nd second 5th fifth 14th fourteenth 30th thirtieth
3rd third 6th sixth 15th fifteenth 40th fortieth
7th seventh 16th sixteenth 50th fiftieth
8th eighth 17th seventeenth 60th sixtieth
9th ninth 18th eighteenth 70th seventieth
10th tenth 19th nineteenth 80th eightieth
11th eleventh 90th ninetieth
12th twelfth 100th hundredth
101st one hundred and first

表示顺序的数词称为序数词(Ordinal Numerals)。序数词一般以与之相对应的基数词词尾加-th构成,例如:tenth(第十)。

(1) 英语序数词的第一至第三有各自独特的形式
第一 first 第二 second 第三 third

(2) 第四至第十九均在基数词后加-th,但要特别注意第五、第八、第九和第十二的写法。试比较:
fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth
ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth
fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth
nineteenth

(3) 第二十至第九十这样表示十的倍数的序数词都是在基数词后将词尾的-y 改为i, 再加-eth构成的,例如:
twentieth thirtieth fortieth fiftieth
sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth

(4) 十位以上的基数词变成序数词时,把个位数变成序数词即可,十位数不变。第一百、第一千、第一百万都是在基数词后面直接加-th构成,例如:
twenty-first; fifty-ninth
one hundred and first;one millionth

(5) 序数词有时用缩写形式:
first -> 1st second -> 2nd
third -> 3rd;fourth -> 4th;twenty-second -> 22nd

5. have 的用法

动词have的用法有许多种,在这里我们要说的是have作"有"讲时的用法,例如:
Do you have a pen? 你有钢笔吗?

否定句和疑问句都有两种,例如:
-Do you have a pen?或: Have you a pen?
-Yes, I do./ No, I don't. 或: Yes, I have./ No, I haven't.
I don't have a pen. 或: I haven't a pen.

要特别注意have 与 there be 的区别。have 指的是主语拥有某人或某物。而there be(is, are)则指在某处存在某人或某物,be的单、复数形式与紧跟其后的第一个宾语一致,例如:

1). There_______ many people in the park on Sundays.
A has B have C is D are
正确答案是D,题目意思是"星期天在公园里有许多人。"people是集合名词,永远是复数形式。

2). In the classroom ______a teacher and some students.
A has B have C there is D there are
题目的意思上:"在教室里有一名老师和许多学生。" 因此要选用短语there be。句中的第一个宾语a teacher是单数,因此be也用单数形式is。因此正确答案是C。

6. It doesn't matter, but tomorrow, please be on time.
没关系,但请你明天按时(到校)

(1) It doesn't matter. = Never mind. 没关系/不要紧。用来表示请对方放心,常用于对抱歉的回应或其他场合,再如:
--- I'm sorry. I can't fly a kite. --- 对不起,我不会放风筝。
--- It doesn't matter. Let me help you. --- 没关系,我来帮助你。

(2) time的用法:

① time表示次数,是可数名词也有复数形式,例如:
three times 三次 next time 下次
this time 这次 that time那次
注:一次是once, 而不是one time, 二次是twice, 三次以上用three times。

② time表示"时间",是不可数名词。
What's the time now? 现在几点钟了?
It's time for lunch. 该吃午饭了。
It's time to go to bed. 该上床睡觉了

③ on time 准时 in time及时

7. Everyone is here. 大家都到齐了。

(1) everyone 和everybody一样是不定代词,表示第三人称单数,后面的谓语动词也必须是单数形式。是"人人"、"大家"、"每个人"之意,例如:
Good morning, everyone / everybody! 大家好!
Everyone / Everybody knows how to do it well if he wants to try.
每个人/ 任何人想要试一试的话,都知道怎么做好这件事。

(2) 不定代词除everyone / everybody之外,还有anyone / anybody(任何一个人),no one / nobody(没有人), someone / somebody(某一个人),everything(每一个事),anything 任何一件事,something(某一件事),nothing(没有事情)。

8. Happy Teachers' Day, Mr. Wu! Here is a card for you, with our best wishes.吴老师,祝您教师节快乐!这是送给您的贺卡,并向您致以最良好的祝愿。

英语名字:
(1) family name姓,也称 last name;given name名,也称first name;middle name 中间名;full name 全名

(2) Mr.先生,Mrs.夫人,Miss小姐:
Ms [miz] n.小姐/夫人,女士, 作为一种有礼貌的称呼加在妇女或女孩的姓或全名前,例如:Ms. Doe; Ms. Jane Doe. 杜女士;简·杜女士

(3) 中国人的名字姓在前,名在后。而英语的名字正好相反。名在前,姓在后。比如:李平(中国名)Jim Green这里的Green是姓而 Jim是名字。在称呼这个人名时可以有两种:Jim或者Mr. Green, 当然全称也行。

(4) 在人名前不能使用冠词。如果在姓的前面使用定冠词则表示某人的一家。比如:the Greens格林的一家。需要注意的是Greens用复数形式。

(5) 从我们中国人的名字上有时很难区分性别,但我们可以根据英语名字辨别男、女,比如:Tom, Tim, Dan, Dave,等均属男性。而 Mary, Ann, Kate, Linda等均属女性。在非正式场合,一般都直呼其名,这样表示亲切。

(6) 英语姓名译成汉语保持英语的特点,即名在前,姓在后,例如"约翰·史密斯"。汉语译成英语可以保持汉语特点,即姓在前,名在后,如 Li Ming。但是,许多华人在国外入乡随俗,也把姓放在名之后,如Ming Li。甚至有些华人用了英文的名,保留自己的姓。如Frank Li。

名词所有格

(1) 名词所有格形式一般是在词尾加上's。复数名词已经有词尾-s,则仅仅加上"'",例如:
Class 3 students' room 三班学生的房间
a girls' school 一所女子学校
如果复数名词词尾不是-s,则要加's。
Old people's home. 养老院
Children's Day. 儿童节

祝贺教师节用语

① Happy Teachers' Day !

② Good Luck !

③ We wish you a happy Teachers' Day !

④ Best wishes to you !

⑤ I hope you enjoy your time with us.

⑥ Thank you for your hard work.

语法

现在进行时态:

① 用法: 动词的现在进行时用来表示现在或现阶段正在进行和发生的动作
We are reading English now. 我们正在读英语。
We are waiting for a bus. 我们正在等公共汽车。

② 基本构成: 主语+助动词be(即am/is/are)+动词-ing形式

③ 标志词:now, Look! Listen!

④ 动词-ing形式构成方式:

A. 一般直接在动词词尾加-ing,例如:
read--->reading; wait--->waiting

B. 以不发音e结尾的动词,先去e再加-ing,例如:
write--->writing; close--->closing

C. 以重读闭音节结尾,中间只有一个元音字母,词尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ing,例如:
put--->putting sit--->sitting
begin--->beginning run--->running

Unit 2 What are we going to do? (人教版老教材)

[学法指导]

一、知识点

1、 语音 掌握字母及字母组合e, ee, ea, i, a, e, o, er, o(u)r在单词中的读音和句子的重音、语调。

2、词汇
四会: fifth, fish, east, agree, maybe, mountain, picnic, top, problem, quick, quickly, start, tired, hurry, hurry up, die, more, city, take, eighth, far, beautiful
三会:trip, field trip, discuss, hometown, fishing, go fishing, boating, go boating, hike, hiking, go hiking, the day after tomorrow, trip, trip over, tie, salesgirl

3、词组

(1) next Friday 下周五 (2) go on a field trip 郊游

(3) go fishing / boating 去钓鱼 / 划船 (4) different kinds of 不同种类的

(5) go hiking 远足(徒步旅行) (6) go on a picnic 去野餐

(7) next week 下周 (8) the day after tomorrow 后天

(9) go the wrong way 迷路 (10) hurry up 赶快

(11) be tired 疲劳、累 (12) do some shopping 买东西

(13) would like to do sth. 想要干某事

3、交际用语

(1) What are you going to do? I'm / we're going to……

(2) Why don't we go fishing at East Lake? Let's go boating on the river.
Let's go to the mountains. Why not?

(3) I agree.

(4) I'm too tired.

二、重难点

本单元的重点是学习be going to表示的一般将来时。难点是be的形式及将来时的特殊疑问句、一般疑问句、否定句等句型。

1、be going to do……结构及其句型。
此结构的含义是"打算、将要…",其后接动词原形,表示短期将要发生的事或打算、计划决定要做某事,是一般将来时的一种形式。

(1) 意义:表示将要发生的动作或打算、计划、决定要做的事情。例如:
What are you going to do next Sunday? 下星期天你打算干什么?
We are going to pick apples next week. 下星期我们打算去摘苹果。
We will go to our hometown next week. 下星期我们将去我们的家乡。
I will come to see my uncle every Sunday. 每星期我都将去看望我的叔叔。

(2) 标志词(信号词):与之连用的时间状语主要有:tomorrow, tomorrow morning (afternoon, evening), next year (month, week, Monday), this evening, in an hour,this evening, at 3:20, by Friday, by then, during this term (在这个学期间),next, soon, in an hour, 如说话时是上午,讲下午或晚上将发生的事情可用this afternoon, this evening等。

(3) 谓语动词的构成形式:be (am, is, are) going to + 动词原形

(4) 各种句式:
陈述句:
肯定句:I am going to leave here next week. 我打算下周离开这儿。
否定句:He is not going to play games this afternoon. 他今天下午不打算做游戏。
疑问句:
特殊疑问句:What are they going to do tomorrow? 他们明天要干什么?
一般疑问句:Are you going to sing a song? 你要唱歌吗?

注①:be going to中的"be"不是系动词,而是助动词,本身没有实际意义,即不能译成"是",但其用法与系动词"be"是一样的。即:I am…,You are…, He is…。

一般将来时态的另一种构成:助动词will + 动词原形,在口语中,will在名词或代词后常简缩为'll, will not 常简缩为won't。

人称 肯定式 否定式 疑问式
第一人称 I/ We will go I/ We will not go Shall I/ We go?
第二人称 You will go You will not go Will you go?
第三人称 He/She/It/They will go He/She/It/They will not go Will He/She/It/They go?

注②:在书面语中,主语为第一人称(I 和we)时,常用助动词shall + 动词原形,例如:
I shall write to you next Friday. 下周五我将给你写信。

注③:在表示"带意愿色彩的将来"和在问对方是否愿意,或表示客气的邀请或命令时,常用will,例如:
I will tell you that secret. 我将告诉你那个秘密。
Will you come with me? 你和我一起来吗?
Will you please close the door? 你能关门吗?

使用时要注意两点:一是be (am, is, are)要随着句子主语的人称或数的变化而变化;
二是与be going to do连用的时间状语一般为tomorrow, next week(下周), next Sunday(下周日),next year, the day after tomorrow等。

2、某些动词的进行时态形式用来表示将来的含义,即相当于一般将来时,如c
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