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Question

电力系统由发电、输电、配电等几个部分组成，其中输、配电系统的作用是利用适当的电压等级将电能输送给最终用户。电力生产的主要目的是为了满足用户对电能数量和质量的需求。随着我国电力系统的发展，电力系统的规模越来越大，输电等级越来越高，输电距离越来越远，传输功率越来越大，供电范围也越来越广，现代化的继电保护和安全装置越来越复杂。供电的中断将使生产停顿、生活混乱甚至危及人身和设备安全，形成十分严重的后果。停电给国民经济造成的损失远超过电力系统本身的损失。因此，电力系统运行首先要满足可靠、持续的供电。
可靠性分析用于评估系统结构的可靠性，它不仅要比较可靠性的相对水平，而且还要评价提供某种特定可靠性水平的费用。高可靠性与低运行费用成本之间存在着矛盾关系，协调解决这一问题需要通过可靠性成本-效益分析来进行电网的可靠性优化。电网的可靠性成本可定义为供电部门为使电网达到一定的供电可靠性水平而需要增加的运行成本;可靠性收益可定义为因电网达到一定供电可靠性水平而使用户获得的效益。由于某一供电可靠性水平下的社会、经济效益较难估算，因此过去对可靠性收益只作间接的定性评估，这样难以进行可靠性优化。为了便于衡量和计算，本文将可靠性效益用缺电成本，亦即由于电力系统电力供电不足或中断引起用户缺电、停电而造成的经济损失来表示。在单位缺电成本不变的情况下，缺电成本越低，可靠性效益越高。这样，就可以把可靠性成本与可靠性效益统一在电网的经济性上衡量，通过可靠性成本-效益分析来进行电网检修计划的编制。可靠性分析也可用于制定可靠性管理的方针和政策，例如提供给各类用户的可靠性水平或某一负荷水平所要求的可靠性水平。
保证对各类用户的连续可靠供电，一直是电力系统调度运行及方式分析十分注意的问题，并作为衡量电力系统性能的一个重要尺度。但是由于电力设备发生故障的随机性和停电检修以及经济条件的约束，对用户供电的绝对可靠实际上是不可能的，只能是制定相应的可靠性标准，将电力系统的可靠性控制在合理范围之内。
电力设备的检修停运涉及许多方面的问题，计划安排不当会带来许多不利的影响。就经济方面而言，会造成用户和供电部门自身的巨大损失;就系统安全性而言，因停电而将负荷转移至其它变电站，增大了其它变电站或线路过负荷的可能，这个问题在高峰负荷时更加突出。随着计算机技术的发展，能量管理系统(EMS)日趋广泛的应用，配电管理系统(DMS)的开发以及它们与GIS的结合，为电网检修计划的优化提供了坚实的基础。
传统的检修计划以方案比较为基础，这种方法是从凭经验产生的几个可行方案中通过技术经济比较选择出一个最佳的方案作为调度计划。由于这些方案存在着先天的缺陷，是由方案编制人员主观提出的，并不一定包括客观上的最优方案，因此最终的方案包含相当多的主观因素和局限性。随着科学技术的发展和迅速发展的电力事业的需要，电网采用的电力设备愈来愈多样化，电力系统的结构也日趋复杂，变电站及电网综合自动化技术得到了快速发展。另一方面，用户对供电的要求也是日趋多样化，对供电可靠性的要求也越来越高。这些因素给电力系统的设备停电检修带来了很多困难，传统的计划编制手段己难以适应新的发展。
在这种情况下，如何提高电力系统的检修计划的编制水平就成为一个紧迫的任务。随着计算机在电力系统的广泛应用以及系统工程、运筹学等科学领域的成果，为改善电力系统检修计划水平提供了坚实的基础。电网检修计划优化的目标是从整体上确定什么方案对电力系统及用户最有利，这就要求我们从所有可能的

Answer 1

The electrical power system by the electricity generation, the electric transmission, the power distribution and so on several parts is composed, loses, electrical power distribution system's function is the use suitable voltage class gives the electrical energy transportation the end-user. The electric power production's main purpose is to satisfy the user to the electrical energy quantity and the quality demand. Along with our country electrical power system's development, electrical power system's scale is getting bigger and bigger, the electric transmission rank is getting higher and higher, the electric transmission is away from is getting more and more far, the transmission power is getting bigger and bigger, the power supply scope is also getting more and more broad, the modernized relay protection and the safety device are getting more and more complex. The power supply interrupt will cause the halt in production, the life chaotic even to endanger the person and the equipment security, forms the very serious consequence. Power cut the loss which the national economy creates for surpasses electrical power system's loss far. Therefore, the electrical power system movement first needs to satisfy the power supply which reliable, continues.
The fail-safe analysis uses in appraising the system structure the reliability, it not only need compare the reliable relative level, moreover must appraise provides some kind of specific reliable level the expense. Redundant reliable and between the low operating cost cost has the contradictory relations, solves this problem to need coordinated to carry on electrical network's reliable optimization through the reliable cost - benefit analysis. Electrical network's reliable cost may define for the power supply department to enable the electrical network to achieve the certain power supply reliable level, but needs to increase run cost; Because the reliable income may define for the electrical network achieves the certain power supply reliable level to cause the benefit which the user obtains. Because under some power supply reliable level's society, the economic efficiency are difficult to estimate, therefore only made the indirect qualitative appraisal in the past to the reliable income, carried on the reliable optimization like this with difficulty. For ease of the weight and the computation, this article with lacks the reliable benefit the electricity cost, i.e., because the electrical power system electric power power supply insufficiency or the interrupt cause the user to lack the economic loss which the electricity, the power cut create to express. In the unit lacks in the electricity cost invariable situation, lacks the electricity cost to be lower, the reliable benefit is higher. Thus, may unifies the reliable cost and the reliable benefit in electrical network's efficiency weighs, carries on the electrical network turnaround plan through the reliable cost - benefit analysis the establishment. The fail-safe analysis may also use in formulating the reliable management policy and the policy, for example provides the reliable level which requests for each kind of user's reliable level or some load level.
The guarantee supplies power reliably continuously to each kind of user, has been the question which the electrical power system dispatch movement and the way analysis pay attention, and as a weight electrical power system performance important criterion. But because the power equipment has the breakdown randomness and the power cut overhaul as well as the current economic condition restraint, to the user power supply reliable in fact is absolutely impossible, can only be the formulation corresponding reliable standard, electrical power system's reliable control in reasonable scope.
Power equipment's overhaul suspends shipment involves many aspects the questions, the plan arrangement not, when will bring many disadvantageous influences. Speaking of the economic aspect, will create the user and power supply department own heavy loss; Speaking of the system safety, because of cuts power, but the load transfer to other transformer substations, will have increased other transformer substation logical 'OR' circuit load possibility, this question when peak load is more prominent. Along with computer technology's development, the energy management system management system (EMS) day by day widespread application, the power distribution management system management system (DMS) development as well as they with the GIS union, have provided the solid foundation for the electrical network turnaround plan's optimization.
The traditional turnaround plan take the plan comparison as a foundation, this method is from depends on several feasible plans which the experience produces to choose a best plan through the technical economy comparison to take the operation plan. Because these plans have the congenital flaw, is by the plan establishments of strength proposed subjectively, not necessarily includes the synergy objectively, therefore the final plan contains quite many subjective factors and the limitation. Along with science's and technology's development and rapidly expand's electric power enterprise's need, the power equipment which the electrical network uses more and more diverse, electrical power system's structure day by day is also complex, the transformer substation and the electrical network synthesis automation technology obtained the fast development. On the other hand, the user is also diversifies day by day to the power supply request, is also getting higher and higher to the power supply reliable request. These factors brought many difficulties for electrical power system's equipment power cut overhaul, traditional plan establishment method oneself adapted the recent development with difficulty
In this case, how to raise electrical power system's turnaround plan establishment level to become an urgent duty. Along with the computer in electrical power system's widespread application as well as the systems engineering, the operations research and so on scientific field's achievement, has provided the solid foundation for the improvement electrical power system turnaround plan level. The electrical network turnaround plan optimizes the goal is determined overall any plan is most advantageous to the electrical power system and the user, this requests us from all possible

Answer 2

Electric power system from generate electricity, lose an electricity and go together with an electricity etc. several parts constitute, among them lose, go together with a function of give or get an electric shock the system is to make use of appropriate electric voltage grade to transport the electric power to the end customer.The main purpose that the electric power produce is for satisfying a customer to the electric power amount and the quality of need.Along with the development of our country electric power system, the scale of electric power system more and more big, lose electricity grade more and more high, lose electricity distance more and more far, deliver power more and more greatly, power supply scope also more and more wide, modernization of after electricity protection and safety device be more and more complicated.The interruption of power supply will make to produce deadlock, life confusion even endanger Human body and equipments safety, formation very serious of result.Have a power fail the loss which results in to the national economy far above the loss of the electric power system.Therefore, the electric power system circulates to want to satisfy credibility first, keep on of power supply.
The dependable sex analysis useds for the credibility which evaluates system structure, it not only want the opposite level of credibility more, and still need to evaluate expenses of provide a certain and particular and dependable sex level.High and dependable with low circulate of expenses cost exist an antinomy relation, the coordination work°outs this problem to need to be pass dependable sex cost-performance analysis to credibility of carry on the charged barbed wire net excellent turn.The dependable sex cost of the charged barbed wire net can define for power supply section for make the charged barbed wire net attain certain power supply dependable sex level but demand increase of movement cost;The dependable sex income can define for because the charged barbed wire net attains certain power supply dependable sex level but usage door the performance for acquire.Because some under one power supply dependable sex level of the social and economic performance be more difficult to estimate, so past make to indirectly settle sex valuation to dependable sexes incomeses, so hard carry on credibility excellent turn.For the sake of easy to measure with calculation, this text lacks electricity cost with the dependable sex performance, that is because the electric power power famine of the electric power system or interruption cause a customer to lack an electricity, have a power fail but result in of economy loss to mean.In the unit lack under the electricity cost constant circumstance, lack electricity cost more low, the dependable sex performance is more high.So, can unify the dependable sex cost and the dependable sex performance to measure on the economy of the charged barbed wire net, pass dependable sex cost-performance analysis to carry on charged barbed wire net check to fix to plannedly draw up.Credibility's ising analytical can be also used for drawing up policy and policy that the credibility manage, for example provide to each kind of customer's dependable sex level or some one burden level request of dependable sex level.
Assurance is to each kind of customer's continuous dependable power supply, always is the electric power system adjusts one degree movement and way analytical notice very of problem, and conduct and actions measure electric power system an important dimensions of the function.But because of electric power equipments occurrence break down of random and have a power fail the check fix and economic conditional stipulation, actually impossible to the absolute credibility of customer's power supply, can be an establishment to correspond of dependable sex standard, control the credibility of the electric power system in the reasonable scope inside.
The check of the electric power equipments fixs to stop a luck to involve a various problem, the plan arranges a not appropriate meeting to bring many disadvantageous of influence.Economic aspect but speech, will result in customer and power supply section oneself of huge loss;Transfer the burden to other transformer substations because of have a power fail in regard to system safety, enlarged other transformer substations or circuit to lead burden of possibility, this problem at peak load Be getting more outstanding.Along with the calculator technical development, energy management system(EMS) gradually extensive of application, go together with an electricity management system(DMS) of development and they and combine of GIS, fix for the charged barbed wire net check planned excellent turned to provide solid foundation.
The traditional check fixs a plan to take project comparison as foundation, this kind of method pass a technique from with experience several output can go a project economic relatively choose a best project of as to adjust one degree plan.Because these projects exist congenital blemish, is drawn up a personnel by the project subjective put forward of, and include the superior project of objective top not necessarily, so the end project include a nice bit of and subjective factor tie limit.Along with the demand of the electric power business of the science technical development and the quick development, charged barbed wire net adoption of electric power equipments more and more kinds turn, the structure of the electric power system is also gradually complicated, transformer substation and charged barbed wire net were comprehensive to automate a technique to get fast development.On the other hand, the customer's request to the power supply also the that day tend a diversification, to the request of power supply credibility is also more and more high.These factors give the equipments of electric power system have a power fail check to fix to bring a lot of difficult, the traditional plan draws up means F hard adapt a new development.
In this kind of case, how raise the check of electric power system to fix to plannedly draw up level to become an urgent mission.Learn in extensive application and system engineering, strategy of electric power system along with the calculator etc. the result of science realm, for improved electric power system's check to fix plan level to provide solid foundation.The charged barbed wire net check fixs a plan an excellent target for turn from whole up make sure what project the most beneficial to the electric power system and the customer, this will beg us from probably of

Answer 3

...玩嘢.