第3个回答 2009-09-19
初三语法讲义
一．动词（一）名词
名词分类：可数名词，不可数名词可数名词变复数
1． 在名词词尾加-s
girl, girls; table, tables; roof, roofs; school, schools
2.以o, s, sh, ch, x结尾的名词，加-es
tomato, tomatoes; class, classes; watch, watches; bush, bushes
3.以o结尾加-s
piano, pianos; photo, photos
4.以辅音字母加y结尾的，去掉y，加-ies
baby, babies; family, families; university, universities
5.以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s
toy, toys; monkey, monkeys; guy, guys
6.以f或者fe结尾的，去掉f, fe加-ves
wife, wives; life, lives; wolf, wolves; calf, calves
7. 改变形式的复数
man, men; child, children; foot, feet; mouse, mice; tooth, teeth
8.单数复数形式一样
fish, fish; sheep, sheep; deer, deer; swine, swine
9.特殊词汇的复数
looker-on, lookers-on; passer-by, passers-by
不可数名词没有数的概念
名词所有格
1．一般情况’s
2．表示时间、距离、城市、国家
today’s paper at arms’ length a mile’s journey
Beijing’s weather China’s economy
3．of表示所有格 4．双重所有格
a friend of mine a child of hers
（二）代词
人称代词 人称 单数 复数 主格 宾格
第一人称
I me we us
第二人称
you you you you
第三人称
he him
they them
she her
it it
物主代词
单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称
形容词性物主代词
My Your His Her Its Our Your Their
名词性物主代词
Mine Yours His Hers Its Ours Yours Theirs
反身代词人称第一人称第二人称第三人称单数
myselfyourselfhimself herself itself
复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves
相互代词each other/one another
不定代词another/other/others
（三）数词
基数词
One two three four five six…..Hundreds of 正确数词+hundred 正确
Hundred of 错误数词+hundreds 错误数词+hundreds of 错误
序数词First second third fourth….
分数1/3 one third2/3 two thirds
（四）冠词不定冠词
例句用于可数名词单数形式前
usan is a scientist.Pass me an orange, please.
不特指某人或某物
A boy is looking for you.
We work five days a week.
表示“一”的数量，但没有one强烈
We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow.
I have a mouth, a nose, two eyes and two ears.
用于固定词组中
A few, a little, a lot of, a moment ago
定冠词
例句特指某人或者某物
Show me the photo of the boy.
双方都知道的事物或人
Where are the new books, Jim?
They are on the small table.
上文提过的人或物
Ji Wei lives on a farm. The farm is not big.
独一无二
The sun is bigger than the moon.
序数词和形容词最高级前
The first month of the year is January.
普通名词构成的专有名词前
The Great Wall
习惯用语
In the morning
On the left
零冠词
用法
例句
专有名词和不可数名词前
China
名词已经有定语this, that, my, your, some, any等
That letter is in her bag.
复数名词表示一类人或物
My father and mother are teachers.
星期、月份、季节、节日前
It is Sunday today.
称呼前
What colour are Mrs. Green’s shoes?
三餐和球类运动前
He went to school before breakfast this morning.
（五）介词
多数考察为固定搭配，需要死记硬背
（六）形容词与副词
规则变化
构成方法
原级
比较级
最高级
单音节和少数双音 节词
一般在词尾加-er/est
Cold
Strong
Fast
slow
Colder
Stronger
Faster
slower
Coldest
Strongest
Fastest
slowest
以字母e结尾的形容词，在词尾加-r/-st
Nice
large
Nicer
larger
Nicest
largest
重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时双写辅音字母，加-er/-est
Big
Thin
hot
Bigger
Thinner
hotter
Biggest
Thinnest
hottest
以辅音字母+y结尾的双音节词改y为i加-er/est
Easy
happy
Easier
happier
Easiest
happiest
部分双音节词
在词前面加more/most
Delicious
Interesting
Easily
Carefully
More Delicious
More Interesting
More Easily
More Carefully
Most Delicious
Most Interesting
Most Easily
Most Carefully
不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
Good/well
Bad/badly/ill
Many/much
Little
far
Better
Worse
more
Less
Father
further
Best
Worst
Most
Least
Farthest
furthest
形容词和副词比较级和最高级的用法
级
用法
例句
比较级
表示两者的比较
Mr. King is taller than Mr. Read.
最高级
表示三者或者三者以上的比较
Whose drawing is the best of all?
She is the youngest in the class.
同级比较
I think science is as important as maths.
It is not as(so) warm today as yesterday.
二．动词
（一） 时态
1．一般现在时
三单变形
情况
变化规则
例词
一般情况
加-s
come, comes; learn, learns
以o,s,x,ch,sh结尾的词
加-es
pass, passes; do, does
以辅音加y结尾的词
变y为i加-es
fly, flies; cry, cries
2.现在进行时
现在分词构成方法
情况及变化
例词
一般情况，在动词原形后加-ing
go, going; see, seeing
以不发音的e结尾的动词去掉e加-ing
take, taking; live, living
以重读闭音节结尾的词，如果词尾只有一个辅音字母，先把词尾的辅音字母双写，再加-ing
plan, planning; cut, cutting; forget, forgetting
以ie结尾的词变ie为y加-ing
die, dying; lie, lying; tie, tying
以ye和oe结尾的词，直接加-ing
eye, eyeing; dye, dyeing
3.一般将来时
shall
will
be going to
4一般过去时
规则动词过去构成
构成规则
原形
过去式
一般动词在尾加-ed
look
play
start
looked
played
stared
结尾是e的动词加-d
live
hope
use
lived
hoped
used
末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，双写辅音字母，加-ed
stop
plan
trip
stopped
planned
tripped
结尾是辅音字母+y的动词，变y为i加-ed
study
carry
worry
studied
carried
worried
词尾 –ed的读音
读音
例词
浊辅音和元音后
/d/
called borrowed
moved enjoyed
welcomed answered
清辅音后
/t/
finished helped
passed cooked
在t, d后面
/id/
wanted shouted
needed counted
5．过去进行时
was/were+现在分词
6．现在完成时
have/has+过去分词
用法一：表示从过去发生一直到现在，特点：用延续动词，加段时间状语
用法二：表示过去发生的事情而不用一般过去时，特点：不用延续动词，不加段时间状语
构成
7．过去完成时
时间轴：
--------------+--------------------+--------------------------------------+---------------------------------à
A B C
过去的过去 过去 现在
（过去完成时态）
用法一：表示从过去发生一直到过去一时间，特点：用延续动词，加段时间状语
用法二：表示过去的过去发生的事情
8．过去将来时
不是考试的重点
（二） 被动语态
使用情况：不知道谁是主语
不强调主语
用来表示客观的表达
构成：助动词be+过去分词
有些动词主动语态中省略了不定式在变为被动语态时要讲TO补充出来（非谓语动词重点讲解）
（三） 情态动词
can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would)
dare/need
dare
肯定
否定
情态动词
dare do
dare not do
实意动词
dare/dares to do
do/does not dare to do
need
肯定
否定
情态动词
need do
need not do
实意动词
need / need s to do
do/does not need to do
may/can
may表示许可
can 表示自身能力
can/be able to区别
a) Can只有现在和过去两个时态，be able to可以是任何时态
b) Can 不强调结果一定成功，be able to暗示结果一定成功
must表示必须，否定用needn’t
mustn’t表示禁止
（四） 非谓语动词
1． 不定式to do
否定不定式为not to do
可以省略不定式to的词
let/make/have/see/hear/watch/notice/feel/look at/listen to
注意：在以上词出现在被动句中时要将to补充出来
2． 现在分词与过去分词
flying bird可以表达成the bird is flying.
broken arm可以表达成 the arm is broken
现在分词强调过程，过去分词强调结果
falling leaf/fallen leaf
boiling water/boiled water
3.动词后加动词的不同形式
(1)、加to doing
devote to doing/ get down to doing/ object to doing/ look forward to doing/ be used to doing
(2)、加to do
afford/agree/ask/attempt/choose/decide/hope/expect/intend/learn/manage/offer/plan/pretend/promise/refuse/wish
(3)、加doing
admit/appreciate/avoid/can’t help/stand/enjoy/escape/put off/risk/give up
(4)、加to do/doing都可以的但是意思有区别的
forget/remember/stop
(5)、加do/doing都可以但是意思有区别的
see/notice/hear
三．简单句
（一） 反意疑问句
反意疑问句
反意疑问句用来表示提问者有一定的主见，但是没有把握，希望对方来证实。
The weather here is very cold, isn’t it? Yes, it is.
You’re from Australia, aren’t you? yes, I am.
对反意疑问句回答，不管问题的提法如何，事实是肯定的就用肯定回答，否定的就要用否定的回答。
He isn’t going to the meeting, is he?
Yes, he is. 不，他要去的
No, he isn’t. 对，他不去
反意疑问句通常由一个陈述句和一个疑问句组成。当陈述句为肯定时，疑问句为否定；当陈述句为否定时，疑问句为肯定。但是以下几个要注意：
1. 陈述部分主语 I, 疑问部分要用aren’t I
I am as tall as your sister, aren’t I ?
2. 陈述部分谓语是wish, 疑问部分要用may+主语
I wish to have a word with you, may I ?
3. 陈述部分用no, nothing, nobody ,never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定。
The Swede made no answer, did he?
4.有ought to的，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn’t/oughtn’t+主语
He ought to know what to do, oughtn’t he?
5. 陈述部分有have to疑问部分用don’t+主语
we have to get there at eight tomorrow, don’t we?
6．陈述部分谓语是used to，疑问部分用didn’t+主语或者didn’t+主语
He used to take pictures there, didn’t he?
7．陈述部分有had better疑问句用hadn’t you?
You’d better read it by yourself, hadn’t you?
8.陈述部分有would rather疑问句用wouldn’t +主语
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn’t he?
9．陈述部分有．陈述部分有you’d like to疑问部分用wouldn’t+主语
You’d like to go with me, wouldn’t you?
10．感叹句中，疑问部分用谓语+主语
What colours, aren’t they?
what a smell, isn’t it?
11陈述部分由neither…nor, either…or疑问部分根据实际逻辑意义而定
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
12． 陈述部分主语是指示代词或者不定代词everything, that, nothing, this疑问部分主语it
Everything is ready, isn’t it?
13.陈述部分为主语从句，疑问部分要根据情况而定
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn’t he?
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
I don’t think he is bright, is he?
14陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等疑问部分常用复数they
Everyone knows the answer, don’t they?
15.省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you
don’t do that again, will you?
16.陈述部分是there be结构，疑问部分用there省略主语代词
There is something wrong with your watch, isn’t here?
17．否定前缀不能视为否定词
it is impossible, isn’t it?
18．Must表示推测时，根据其推测情况来确定
He must be there now, isn’t he?
（二）感叹句
How cold it is today!
What a good idea!
（三）祈使句
肯定类型
Be careful!
Come in, please.
Let me have a look.
否定类型
Don’t be lazy.
Don’t throw the ball like that.
Let him not go there./ Don’t let her go there
四．复合句
（一） 定语从句
We all like Old Fish that is handsome.
先行词 关系词
关系代词： which, who, whom, whose, that
关系副词：when, why, where
1．先行词指人，用who/whom
（1）who可以做主语、宾语、或者表语，但who之前不能有介词
（2）whom只能做宾语或者表语，但在all of/many of加先行词时后只能加whom
注意：who.whom做宾语可以省略
2．先行词为物，用which
（1）which可以代单词
（2）which可以代短语
（3）which可以代句子
3．that与which区别
（1）只能用that情况
先行词有人有物
先行词为 all, little, few, much, none, the first, etc
先行词为不定代词
先行词前修饰词为 any, only, every, no, some, much, few, little, the first, the best, the only, the on, the very, the right, the last
（2）只能用which情况
非限定性定语从句
关系词前有介词
4．whose表示所属关系
（1）whose后加名词
（2）可以代人可以代物
（3）先行词加whose加名词=先行词加名词 of which结构
介词+关系代词=关系副词
关系代词后加不完整句
关系副词/介词+关系代词后加完整句
主系表： 主系表都有， 完整句
主系表缺一个，不完整句
主谓宾：谓语动词为及物动词：主谓宾都有，完整句
主谓宾缺一个，不完整句
谓语动词为不及物动词： 主+动词+介词+宾语，完整句
主+动词，完整句
主+动词+介词，不完整句
（二） 状语从句
时间状语从句：when, before, after, while, since, as, till, as soon as, the moment….
地点状语从句: where, wherever
条件状语从句：if, unless, so long as, as long as, in case, if only, provided that….
原因状语从句：because, since, as, now that
结果状语从句：so, so that, so…that, such…that
让步状语从句：though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever
目的状语从句: that, so that, so, in order that, in case, for fear that, lest
比较状语从句：than, as…as, so…as
五．主谓一致
就近原则
or, nor, either or, neither nor, not only…but also
就前原则
as much as, rather than, more than, no less than, as well as, in addition to, with, along with, together with, except
集体名词的主谓一致
people, cattle, youth, police+复数谓语
machinery, equipment, furniture+单数谓语
audience, committee, crew, family, government, army, enemy, group, staff, team, couple, band+可单可复
时间、地点等数量概念的主谓一致
谓语用单数
Ten miles is a long way to go.
a of b结构中的主谓一致
按照A来确定谓语
a pair of trousers is enough.
Two pair of trousers are enough.
以S结尾的主谓一直问题：地理名词、群岛山脉等风景、学科名词
国家加单数谓语： the United States
地理名词，群岛山脉等风景加复数谓语： the West Indies, Himalayas, Straits of England
学科名词加单数谓语： politics, economics
六．习惯用语
七．固定搭配
八．介词搭配
（一） 介词＋名词
against one’s will
at a loss
at one time
at home
at the same time
at work
at night
beside the point
by chance
by the way
by the end of
by all means
for the time being
for the sake of
from beginning to end
from time to time
in the end
in surprise
in trouble
in the street
in English
in a word
in the meantime
in vain
in need
in half
in no time
in a low voice
in the least
in public
in life
in a minute
in the eyes of
in time
in sight of
in place of
in detail
in a hurry
in any case
in case
in charge of
in bed
in addition to
in the course of
in particular
in time of
in return
in spite of
in reply to
in memory of
in honour of
in fear of
influence on
off hand
on guard against
on the ground
on the radio
on the way
on the right
on purpose
on strike
on account of
on sale
on the air
on time
out of work
out of order
on behalf of
on watch
on the whole
on show
on day
out of sight
out of repair
out of place
out of practice
out of date
out of breath
over the radio
to this day
thousands of
on the one hand, on the other hand
（二）形容词＋介词
absent from
aware of
apart from
according to
anxious for
angry at
afraid of
busy with
careful of
cruel to
due to
different from
equal to
be familiar to sb
be familiar with sth
be famous for
far from
fond of
full of
fussy about
grateful for
good at
hard on
interested in
instead of
kind to
keen on
late for
opposite to
once for all
polite to
proude of
ready for
responsible for
short of
sorry for
strict with
thankful to
wrong with
（三）动词＋介词
act on
answer for
agree to
agree with
agree on
arrive at
aim at
ask after
ask for
borrow from
believe in
belong to
break into
beat down on
begin at
base on
consist of
congratulate on
come to an end
compare with
compare to
care for
change for
change from to
clear up
catch up with
come across
come into
call up
call for
catch hold of
call on
depend on
do away with
disagree with
die of
die from
die for
devote to
engaged in
end with
fit in with
fail in
find out
give up
get over
get on
get on
get in touch with
get ready for
get in
go in for
grow up
give in
give lessons to
get up
go on
go all out
go through
go over
go down
go on with
go without
hand in
have nothing to do with
have something to do with
have a look at
head for
help with
have a word with
have words with
hope for
introduce to
be inspired by
insist on
interfere with
join in
keep on
knock at
keep up with
long for
look up to
look up
learn by heart
leave for
look for
lie in
live on
laugh at
look down upon
look forward to
look through
meet with
make up one’s mind
make friends with
make room for
owe to
operate on
pay attention to
play with
put up
put off
point out
put up with
prevent from
persist in
put into practice
run out of
reply to
recover from
rely on
rob of
run over
result from
result in
set an example to
set about
set out
succeed in
speak of
supply with
share in
share with
settle in
see through
send for
stand by
stand for
stop from
spend on
show around
talk about
tide over
turn against
turn into
turn to
think of
think about
take care of
take off
turn out
turn round
turn up
take part in
to begin with
wait for
watch out for
write to
wake up
watch over
（四）过去分词＋介词
be absorbed in
be burdened with
be connected with
be covered with
be crowded with
be dressed in
be engaged to
be equipped with
be experienced in
be filed with
be furnished with
be interested in
be joined to
be known as
be known for
be made into
be made up of
be married to
be pleased with
be prepared for
be regarded as
be satisfied with
be ashamed of
be tired of
be terrified at
（五）动词＋名词＋介词
apply ones’ mind to
catch sight of
do harm to
do wrong to
feel pity for
fix one’s eyes on
form the habit of
get a good hold of
give advice on
have none of
have trust in
have difficulty in
have trouble in
have effect on
have mercy on
have the honour of
keep a record of
make fun of
make best use of
make an apology
make one’s way to
make preparations for
make a mistake about
pass a judgment on
set fire to
put one’s heart and soul into
shake hands with
take aim at
take the side of
throw light on
take pride in
take delight in
take a message for
（六）动词＋副词＋介词
add up to
break away from
be up to
cut down on
come up to
do well in
drop in on
face up to
fit in with
fall back on
get though with
get down to
get along with
go out of
go on with
go back on
go out of
go in for
grow out of
go ahead with
keep away from
keep up with
live up to
make up for
make up with
make out of
think highly of
watch out for
work hard at
（七）动词＋介词＋名词
arrive at a conclusion
burst into pieces
burst into tears
burst into laughter
come to the rescue
come into use
come into power
come into effect
come into light
come to a conclusion
get in a word
set to work take on a new look本回答被提问者采纳