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Question

Cracking
In petroleum geology and chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or heavy hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules (e.g. light hydrocarbons) by the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in the precursors. The rate of cracking and the end products are strongly dependent on the temperature and presence of any catalysts. Cracking, also referred to as pyrolysis, is the breakdown of a large alkane into smaller, more useful alkanes and an alkene. Simply put, hydrocarbon cracking is the process of breaking long chain hydrocarbons into short ones.
History and patents
The thermal cracking method (also known as "Shukhov cracking process") was invented by Russian engineer Vladimir Shukhov and patented in 1891 in the Russian empire, Patent No. 12926, November 27, 1891. This process was modified by the American engineer William Merriam Burton and patented as U.S. Patent 1,049,667 on January 7, 1913.
In 1924 the delegation of the American "Sinckler Oil" paid a visit to Shukhov. The "Sinckler Oil" firm protested the personal right appropriated by the Rockefeller "Standard Oil" concern on the discovery of oil cracking. It indicated that the patent of Burton used by the "Standard Oil" concern was the modified patent of Shukhov. Shukhov proved Americans that the Burton method was just the slightly changed modification of his 1891 patents. However an agreement of lawsuit between the American companies finally was made, in order not to buy the patent from Soviet Russia.[1]
Applications
Oil refinery cracking processes allow the production of "light" products such as liquified petroleum gas (LPG) and gasoline from heavier crude oil distillation fractions such as gas oils and residues. Fluid catalytic cracking produces a high yield of gasoline and LPG, while hydrocracking is a major source of jet fuel, diesel, naphtha, and LPG.
Thermal cracking is currently used to "upgrade" very heavy fractions ("upgrading", "visbreaking"), or to produce light fractions or distillates, burner fuel and/or petroleum coke. Two extremes of the thermal cracking in terms of product range are represented by the high-temperature process called "steam cracking" or pyrolysis (ca. 750 to 900 °C or more) which produces valuable ethylene and other feedstocks for the petrochemical industry, and the milder-temperature delayed coking (ca. 500 °C) which can produce, under the right conditions, valuable needle coke, a highly crystalline petroleum coke used in the production of electrodes for the steel and aluminium industries.

Answer 1

开裂
在石油地质和化学开裂，则是指如干酪根或重烃复杂的有机分子被分解成简单分子（例如由碳碳键断裂的前体轻碳氢化合物）的过程。在打击和最终产品是强烈的温度和催化剂存在任何依赖率。开裂，也被称为热解，是一个成更小，更有益的烷烃和烯烃烷烃大崩溃。简单地说，烃裂解，是分解成短的长链烃的过程。
历史和专利
热裂解法（也称“舒霍夫开裂过程”之称）是由俄罗斯工程师发明弗拉基米尔舒霍夫，1891年在俄罗斯帝国的专利，专利号为12926，1891年11月27日。这个过程是修改了美国工程师威廉梅里厄姆伯顿和专利为美国专利1049667于1913年1月7日。
在1924年美国“Sinckler油”付出了向舒霍夫访问代表团。该“Sinckler石油”公司抗议的个人权利的洛克菲勒拨“标准石油”对石油裂化发现的关注。这表明，伯顿专利的“标准石油”关注用的是对舒霍夫修改专利。舒霍夫证明美国人伯顿法只是稍微改变了他的1891年修改的专利。但协议的美国公司之间的官司终于写了，为了不从苏联购买的专利[1]。
应用
炼油厂催化裂化工艺过程中允许的“轻”，如液化石油气（LPG）和汽油产品的重原油天然气等蒸馏馏分油和残留物的生产。催化裂化生产的汽油及石油气产量高，而加氢裂化喷气燃料是一个主要来源，柴油，石脑油和液化石油气。
热裂解是目前使用的“升级”非常沉重的分数（“升级”，“减粘裂化”），或出示轻馏分或蒸馏物，燃烧燃料和/或石油焦。两名在产品范围上热裂解是由极端高温过程代表所谓“蒸汽裂解”或裂解（约750到900 ° C以上），其中生产乙烯和宝贵的石化工业的其他原料，及在气候比较温和，温度延迟焦化（约500℃），它可以产生合适的条件下，宝贵的针状焦，石油焦的高度结晶的电极，钢铁和铝工业的生产使用本回答被提问者采纳

Answer 2

裂解
在石油地质、化学、开裂的过程是复杂的有机分子,如kerogens或沉重的碳氢化合物分解成简单分子(轻烃)的债券的碳前兆。这个比率的裂缝和终端产品有很强的依赖性的温度和任何催化剂。开裂,也称为裂解,故障的一大烷烃分成小,更有用和烯烷烃。简而言之,在油气裂缝是打破长链碳氢化合物成短片。
历史和专利
热裂解法(也被称为“Shukhov裂解过程”)是由俄罗斯工程师发明专利在1891年Shukhov弗拉基米尔和俄罗斯帝国,专利号12926 1891年11月27日,。这个过程是由美国工程师修改的专利为威廉Merriam伯顿和美国专利1,049,667 1913年1月7。
1924年,美国代表团Sinckler“油”参观Shukhov。“Sinckler油”公司的个人权利抗议被征用的洛克菲勒”标准石油公司“关注这个发现的石油裂解。研究结果表明:采用专利的“标准伯顿油”的担忧是Shukhov修改的专利。美国人Shukhov证明方法只是轻微伯顿改变他的1891年的专利。然而达成协议的美国公司之间的诉讼,最后,为了不买了来自前苏联专利文献[1]。
应用
炼油厂的生产过程允许开裂的“光”产品,如液化石油气和汽油重馏份原油蒸馏如气油和残留。催化裂化装置产生高收益的汽油、液化石油气、而加氢裂化是一个主要的喷气燃料,柴油、汽油、液化石油气。
热裂解使用“升级”非常沉重的分数
(“升级”、“visbreaking”),或生产轻馏份或馏分油、燃烧器的燃料和/或石油焦。两个极端的温度裂缝进行产品范围为高温过程称为“蒸汽开裂”或热解(大约750到900℃以上)而产生的宝贵的乙烯和其他原料为石化行业、milder-temperature延迟焦化(大约500℃),而产生,在合适的条件下,有价值的针,可口可乐水晶石油焦的生产过程中使用的电极钢铝工业。