第2个回答 2013-08-29
Countries in the world polity summarized form, the following two kinds of form of government.
Absolute monarchy: a monarchy, constitutional monarchy form of government the dual monarchy, parliamentary constitutional monarchy form of government
Republican form of government: presidential, parliamentary, committee system
1, binary constitutional monarchy, referred to as the dual monarchy
In history to take such a system a model country in 1871-1919 years of the German Empire and Japan after the Meiji Restoration. In this system, the monarch's powers as limited by the Constitution and Parliament, but the country's center of power remains a monarchy.
2, parliamentary constitutional monarchy, referred to as parliamentary monarchy.
English first parliamentary monarchy, then gradually spread to Europe. To the 19th century, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and other countries have adopted such a system. After World War II, Canada, Australia, Japan and other countries also implement this system of government.
With a different dual monarchy, parliamentary monarchy with the following characteristics: First, the Parliament is the country's highest legislature. Second, the monarch has limited powers, its duties are mostly ceremonial in nature, is the symbolic head of state. Thirdly, as the core of the Government or the cabinet is not only generated by the Parliament, but also responsible to Parliament.
3, parliamentary republic
Parliamentary monarchy is hereditary monarchy, parliamentary republic's presidential election there. In the modern Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Finland, Austria, Greece and other countries a parliamentary republic.
In general, the presidential elections, there are four ways: first, directly elected by voters; second, indirectly elected by Parliament; and third, by the Parliament and state legislatures elected by elected representatives; fourth, by special electoral college election.
Similar to the monarchy and Parliament, parliamentary republic's cabinet and parliament must be to maintain some sort of coordination. When the Council expressed no confidence in the cabinet, or when the cabinet to resign or dissolve Parliament.
4, the presidential system
The presidential system is different from another parliamentary form of government. In the parliamentary system, the Parliament is the legislature, the cabinet of the parliamentary legislation. In the presidential system, under the executive headed by the President independent of the legislature, the separation between the executive and the legislature. The United States is the world's first presidential regime country. Since the establishment of the French Fifth Republic in 1958, after it is implemented in semi-presidential, semi-parliamentary state.
5, the Committee system
With a presidential system, parliamentary system under the supreme power rests in the hands of the individual situation is different, the Committee system is the highest by a collegiate body in charge of the executive power of the republican form of government. After the French Revolution, a time to implement such a system, and now, Switzerland is the only long-term implementation committee system of the country.
6. Socialist countries republican form of government, in the form from the Soviet system, the Grand National parliamentary system, the mission system, people's congress system, and many other concrete manifestations. They are formed according to the principle of democratic centralism, and the people on behalf of the state power organs at all organizational system accounted for the highest position, other bodies created by the representative body, on behalf of organs.本回答被网友采纳